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The report finds that the global iron and steel industry is facing a 'lock-in' crisis due to continued investment in coal-based blast furnace capacity, particularly in India and China. While electric arc furnace (EAF) capacity is increasing, green hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI) remains a critical bottleneck, with only 2% of operating DRI capacity using green hydrogen. India is currently the primary driver of global steelmaking development, accounting for 42% of developing capacity, much of which is coal-based. China maintains the largest operating capacity, but 94% of its blast furnace capacity lacks a retirement plan. The report warns that relining existing blast furnaces locks in emissions for 15–20 years, threatening global climate goals as the sector accounts for 11% of global CO2 emissions.

The report projects that Cape Verde will experience significant urbanisation and economic growth by 2043, with GDP per capita rising to US$10,839 under the Current Path. While the country has high human development and political stability, it faces challenges including a high dependency on food imports (90% of food consumed is imported) and vulnerability to climate-induced flooding. The analysis explores several scenarios, finding that 'Free Trade' and 'Manufacturing/Transfers' have the highest potential to increase GDP per capita, while a 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario could reduce extreme poverty to 3.6% of the population but would increase carbon emissions to 0.47 million tons by 2043. Energy projections suggest a transition toward renewables, with a goal for them to constitute 50% of total energy production by 2043.

The report forecasts Benin's development to 2043, predicting a population increase to 21.2 million and GDP growth to US$66.3 billion under the Current Path. While GDP per capita is expected to rise to US$4,685, absolute poverty is projected to increase to 11 million people. Sectoral scenarios suggest that Free Trade and Leapfrogging have the highest potential for economic growth, while the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario could double the economy to US$117.2 billion but would increase carbon emissions to 10.1 million tons.

The report projects that sub-Saharan Africa's population will grow to 1.976 billion by 2043, with carbon emissions nearly tripling to 650 million tons under the Current Path. While the Current Path sees GDP per capita reach US$5,996, the 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario—integrating improvements in governance, education, health, and infrastructure—could increase GDP per capita to US$9,798 and drastically reduce extreme poverty to 7.3%. Key sectoral findings include the 'Leapfrogging' scenario's potential to raise electricity access to 81.7% and the 'Free Trade' scenario's role as the most carbon-intensive path, contributing 711 million tons of carbon by 2043.

The report forecasts that sub-Saharan Africa's population will grow to 1.962 billion by 2043, with a significant shift toward urbanization. While regional GDP is projected to increase substantially, reaching between US$6.2 trillion and US$6.7 trillion, GDP per capita growth is tempered by rapid population increases. The region is expected to face increasing food insecurity as agricultural demand outstrips production. Energy production is projected to shift toward renewables, yet total carbon emissions are forecast to rise by over 146% by 2043, with Nigeria expected to overtake South Africa as the region's largest emitter.

The report analyzes Angola's economic and social future, highlighting a high risk of increasing extreme poverty and carbon emissions on its current path. While individual sectoral improvements in trade, stability, and manufacturing offer modest gains, a combined 'Agenda 2063' approach is projected to significantly raise GDP per capita and reduce poverty by 2043.

The report analyzes multiple development scenarios for Burundi, finding that while all scenarios improve GDP per capita over the 'Current Path', the Agriculture and Governance scenarios are most effective at reducing extreme poverty. It highlights a critical risk where the full implementation of the AfCFTA could potentially increase poverty to 75.8% by 2043 if not supported by complementary domestic policies. Environmental trade-offs are noted, as agricultural modernization and trade scenarios are projected to result in the highest carbon emissions by 2043.

The report analyzes the future of COMESA, projecting a population increase to 982.2 million by 2043. While the 'Current Path' shows a decline in extreme poverty from 35.4% to 18.8%, the 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario suggests a more dramatic reduction to 4.1%. The analysis highlights significant economic disparities, with Egypt remaining the dominant economy and the largest carbon emitter. Sectoral scenarios indicate that free trade and 'leapfrogging' (renewable energy and digital tech) offer the highest potential for GDP per capita growth, though increased economic activity generally correlates with higher carbon emissions.

The document forecasts that the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario would significantly increase sub-Saharan Africa's GDP per capita to US$9,798 by 2043, compared to US$5,980 in the Current Path. It predicts a substantial reduction in extreme poverty to 7.3% and a nearly doubled total economy of US$12,295.2 billion. However, this growth is associated with higher carbon emissions, reaching 892 million tons by 2043.

The report evaluates Botswana's potential development paths up to 2043. It concludes that while the 'Current Path' provides incremental progress, it is insufficient to meet Vision 2036 goals due to persistent energy deficits and modest governance improvements. A 'Combined' scenario of integrated reforms—focusing on manufacturing, green energy, and human capital—is proposed to accelerate growth, reduce inequality, and transition the country into a high-income, inclusive society.

The document analyzes the potential for the Central African Republic to significantly increase its GDP per capita and reduce extreme poverty through an intersectoral policy push under the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario. While the scenario predicts substantial economic growth, particularly driven by agriculture and the service sector, it also forecasts a significant increase in carbon emissions due to the carbon-intensive nature of this growth.

The report compares a 'Current Path' forecast for Angola with a 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario, which integrates 11 sectoral improvements. The Combined scenario projects a dramatic increase in GDP per capita to US$16,023 by 2043 and a significant reduction in extreme poverty, though it also forecasts a substantial increase in carbon emissions due to industrial and demographic growth.

The report projects that Cape Verde will experience significant urbanisation and GDP per capita growth by 2043, though it remains highly dependent on food imports and tourism. While various sectoral interventions—particularly free trade and manufacturing—could further boost GDP and reduce poverty, they are also projected to increase carbon emissions. The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario suggests a potential GDP increase to US$8.7 billion and a reduction of extreme poverty to 3.6% of the population by 2043.

The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario, integrating 11 sectoral reforms, is projected to significantly increase COMESA's GDP per capita to US$10,235 by 2043 and nearly eradicate extreme poverty. While driving substantial economic growth, particularly in Malawi and Ethiopia, the scenario is also expected to increase carbon emissions to 380 million metric tons by 2043.

The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario is projected to significantly increase North Africa's GDP per capita and total GDP by 2043, with the most substantial gains driven by free trade under AfCFTA, manufacturing, and leapfrogging. While the scenario predicts a sharp decline in extreme poverty—particularly in Mauritania and Egypt—it also forecasts a 17% increase in carbon emissions compared to the Current Path, primarily driven by Egypt and Algeria.

The report projects that the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario would significantly increase Benin's GDP per capita to US$7,421 and nearly double the overall economy to US$117.2 billion by 2043. While this path would lift an additional 4.6 million people out of extreme poverty and drive structural transformation toward services and manufacturing, it is also projected to increase carbon emissions to 10.1 million tons, necessitating an accelerated energy transition to mitigate environmental degradation.

The document models the potential for Burundi to achieve significant growth and poverty reduction through a combined policy push across sectors like governance, health, and agriculture. While the 'Combined scenario' predicts a dramatic increase in GDP and a sharp decline in extreme poverty by 2043, it also forecasts a higher increase in carbon emissions compared to the current path.

The document models the potential impact of different development paths on Algeria's GDP, poverty levels, and energy landscape by 2043. It finds that a 'Combined scenario'—integrating improvements in governance, education, health, and infrastructure—would significantly increase GDP per capita and reduce extreme poverty and inequality. However, this economic growth is projected to increase carbon emissions. The analysis also highlights Algeria's heavy reliance on gas and oil, while noting its potential for renewable energy development.

The report concludes that Africa's current development trajectory is insufficient to meet Agenda 2063 and SDG goals, with 19.1% of the population projected to remain in extreme poverty by 2043. It argues that a 'Combined scenario' of coordinated reforms—including the full implementation of the AfCFTA, improved governance, and an accelerated energy transition—could lift GDP to nearly US$9 trillion and reduce extreme poverty to 10.9% by 2043. Key recommendations include doubling or tripling annual energy buildout through renewables and regional power pools, and prioritizing industrialization in agro-processing and mineral beneficiation.

The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario for Cape Verde projects significant economic growth, with GDP per capita reaching US$15,663 by 2043 and a substantial reduction in extreme poverty. While the service, manufacturing, and ICT sectors are expected to be the primary drivers of GDP, the scenario also predicts an increase in carbon emissions to 0.47 million tons by 2043, necessitating an accelerated energy transition to mitigate environmental degradation.