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The document argues that bridging the emissions gap requires both 'getting the economics right' through financial mobilisation and carbon pricing, and 'getting the politics right' through leadership and stakeholder engagement. It emphasizes a 'development first' approach for developing countries, using the 'cost of inaction' to build national consensus. To avoid maladaptation and protect the poorest, the text advocates for the inclusion of socially marginalised groups and women in decision-making, while managing the 'water-energy-food nexus' and removing laws that undermine climate goals.

The document argues that engaging the private sector is critical for scaling up climate adaptation and mitigation in Bangladesh due to high costs and public budgetary constraints. While the private sector is already pursuing market opportunities—such as climate-resilient seeds and solar home systems—significant barriers remain, including information gaps, weak financial markets, and policy constraints. The Green Climate Fund (GCF), specifically its Private Sector Facility (PSF), is presented as a key mechanism to overcome these barriers by providing low-cost finance and support for SMEs. The brief recommends that the Government of Bangladesh develop a clear roadmap for private sector involvement in climate policy and integrate climate considerations into public procurement.

The document details a 'future proofing' initiative in Madurai, India, supported by the Madurai Corporation, University College London (UCL), and DFID. It emphasizes the integration of 'blue-green infrastructure'—such as the restoration of the Vaigai and Kruthumal rivers—to mitigate climate risks. The approach highlights the need for social inclusivity, specifically addressing the vulnerabilities of slum dwellers and marginalized groups. It also discusses the city's transition toward becoming a 'Smart City' and the role of community-led technical advisory groups in urban planning.

The document outlines a three-step process for NDC implementation: preparatory work, plan elaboration, and execution. It organizes these activities into five core modules: governance, mitigation, adaptation, finance, and measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV). The guide emphasizes integrating climate actions into national development planning, ensuring gender sensitivity, and aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides detailed activity lists for each module and includes case studies from countries such as Kenya, Colombia, and India to illustrate best practices in legislative frameworks, private sector mobilization, and integrated MRV systems.

The report advocates for a shift from 'science-first' to 'policy-first' (or 'decision-first') adaptation methods, which prioritise development objectives and immediate policy windows over purely model-driven impact assessments. This approach is illustrated through a case study in Rwanda, where climate information was integrated into the Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (ASIP2) specifically for the tea and coffee sectors. The process involved identifying policy entry points, assessing current and future climate risks—such as rising temperatures and rainfall variability—and sequencing interventions into low-regret options, land-use planning, and early planning for future risks like pests and diseases. The report emphasises that for adaptation to be successful, it must be linked to specific financing sources, such as Rwanda's national climate and environment fund (FONERWA), and include iterative evaluation and learning mechanisms.

The document outlines a diverse landscape of climate financing for cities, categorised into local internal revenues, external third-party sources, and international funds. Local options include property and land taxes, user fees, development charges, and Tax Increment Financing (TIF), as well as 'intracting' for energy retrofits. External sources feature Energy Performance Contracting (EPC), green bonds, and crowdfunding. International support is available through climate funds like the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Global Environment Facility (GEF), Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), and philanthropic organisations, though the authors note that most international funds require cooperation with national governments due to strict fiduciary and creditworthiness standards. The guide emphasizes that while international funds are necessary for large-scale projects, local sources foster greater municipal autonomy and sustainability.

The document examines climate information services in BRACED countries, noting that while access is increasing, end-users struggle with data quality, inappropriate spatial scales, and poor communication. It details regional weather drivers like the ITCZ in Africa and the monsoon in Asia, and argues for a service-oriented approach that integrates localized, two-way communication into resilience programming to improve decision-making at the community level.

The report estimates that the cost of inaction regarding climate change in Uganda's agriculture, water, energy, and infrastructure sectors will range between US$273 billion and US$437 billion from 2010 to 2050. These costs are estimated to be 24-46 times greater than the proposed adaptation budget. The study identifies water and energy as the sectors with the highest costs of inaction, while infrastructure is expected to require the most adaptation investment in the long term. Key recommendations include prioritizing the government's Costed Implementation Strategy and mainstreaming climate adaptation into national and district development plans.

The report argues that the cost of inaction regarding climate change in Uganda is significantly higher than the cost of adaptation, estimating annual losses between US$3.1 bn and 5.9 bn by 2025 compared to an adaptation cost of US$406 m over five years. It identifies critical vulnerabilities in water availability, agricultural exports (particularly coffee), biomass energy supply, and infrastructure resilience, while highlighting that many proposed adaptation measures are 'no regrets' investments that provide immediate development benefits.

The document outlines a framework of six interconnected pathways—participatory toolkits, Farmer Field Schools, resource access, policy influencing, climate change response, and gender inclusion—designed to scale up the capacity of smallholder farmers and indigenous peoples to manage biodiversity for food security. It highlights the importance of farmer-managed seed systems and provides policy recommendations to enhance the rights and decision-making capacity of these groups.

The document describes a comparative study of carbon and water footprints in La Paz, Quito, and Lima, highlighting how these measurements informed urban planning and the creation of municipal action plans. It identifies high-level political will, stakeholder buy-in, and the transition from planning to implementation as critical factors for successful urban climate resilience.

The Cities Footprint Project measured the carbon and water footprints of La Paz, Quito, and Lima to support municipal climate mitigation and adaptation. Findings revealed that transport is the primary carbon contributor and residential grey water the primary water footprint driver across all three cities. While the project led to action plans and pilot projects, implementation faced challenges such as administrative changes and data gaps. Success was linked to high-level political will and the presence of internal champions.

The report finds that malaria cases in Tororo and Kabale are projected to more than double by 2050, driven primarily by population growth and secondarily by rising temperatures. Economic costs are expected to at least double, with Tororo's annual costs potentially rising to between US$20.1 million and US$560.5 million, and Kabale's to between US$1.55 million and US$41.7 million. While the evidence base for climate-malaria linkages in Uganda is limited, the study suggests that temperature increases will be particularly significant in the highland region of Kabale. Recommended adaptation strategies include strengthening disease surveillance, improving drainage in infrastructure projects, and continuing the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), both of which are identified as cost-effective interventions.

The report examines climate variability and projections for Kampala, finding that while annual rainfall has remained stable, temperatures rose by approximately 1ºC between 1979 and 2005. Future projections suggest temperature increases of 1.5ºC (RCP 4.5) to 3ºC (RCP 8.5) by 2095. The study highlights that flooding is the most significant climate impact, exacerbated by the encroachment of human settlements into wetlands and poor urban drainage. Economic estimates indicate that annual flood damages could rise from US$1.3–7.3 million in 2013 to US$33.2–101.7 million by 2050 under a business-as-usual scenario. The cost of climate-proofing buildings and roads between 2015 and 2050 is estimated at US$3.2 billion (RCP 4.5) to US$3.7 billion (RCP 8.5), with residential buildings accounting for 72% of these costs. A cost-benefit analysis of drainage improvements in four catchments showed mixed results, with only two projects yielding a positive net present value. The report recommends revising building codes and the Kampala Physical Development Plan, strengthening the enforcement of Environmental Impact Assessments to protect wetlands, and integrating informality into climate resilience strategies.

The report examines climate change impacts in the Karamoja region of Uganda through case studies of three villages: Oryeotyene North ward (agricultural zone), Nakayot (agro-pastoralist zone), and Lopedot (pastoral zone). It finds that recent droughts and floods have caused production losses of 50% to 100% for many households, with the 2014 drought being particularly severe. The study estimates that without adaptation, future extreme events could lead to significant losses in crop and livestock value by 2050, while long-term temperature and rainfall trends may reduce yields for maize and beans. Livestock is identified as providing greater resilience than crops, as animals can be moved to other regions during crises. Recommended adaptation priorities include improving water availability, capacity building, and crop diversification.

The study examines the vulnerability of Arabica coffee in Bududa, Uganda, to climate variability and projected climate change. It finds that yields have declined due to poor management and extreme weather, including droughts and landslides. The report argues that transitioning from 'Business as Usual' (BAU) to Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)—defined here as planting shade trees, mulching, and trench construction—significantly improves the internal rate of return (IRR) for farmers, even under future climate scenarios. While costly, the study concludes that a combined programme of CSA and institutional support is economically justified, with a projected IRR of around 36%.

The report assesses climate change risks for the Mpanga River catchment, focusing on the AEMS-Mpanga hydroelectric plant and water supply for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use. It finds that energy production is more vulnerable than water supply, with potential annual welfare costs from electricity shortages reaching US$98 million by 2035-2040. While water shortages in the Rushango area could cause annual losses up to US$188,000, the energy sector's losses dominate. Adaptation measures, such as improved water resource regulation and catchment protection, are deemed cost-effective, requiring only marginal reductions in losses to yield positive returns. However, implementation is hindered by funding gaps, lack of political will, and poor river flow data.

The document outlines Indonesia's climate ambitions, including a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 26%–41% by 2020 and a moratorium on logging in primary forests and peatlands. It highlights the role of the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund as a mechanism for overseas climate finance and describes CDKN's efforts to support climate-compatible development in the energy sector and forest conservation research.

The CDKN-ICLEI First Learning Workshop in Quito, Ecuador, brought together 51 participants from 16 projects to identify enablers and barriers to sub-national climate compatible development (CCD). The workshop focused on moving from planning to implementation, resulting in a revised set of assumptions about effective CCD and the identification of critical knowledge gaps in planning, scaling, and conceptualisation. These outcomes informed seven core learning questions that project partners will address through the creation of 'Inside Stories'—reflective, evidence-based analyses of their learning processes. Regional discussions highlighted that in Asia, CCD is often framed as 'climate-smart' or 'climate-friendly' and requires strong links to poverty alleviation and gender issues, while in Latin America and the Caribbean, local framing and political will are seen as key drivers for sustainability.

The study evaluates eleven cases of private sector development to determine their relevance to smallholder agricultural investments in five African nations. Using the Committee on World Food Security's Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investments (RAI), the paper argues that investment in, by, and with smallholders constitutes private sector development. It proposes three support approaches: promoting an enabling environment, providing public goods and services, and offering direct investment support, all of which must balance the needs of both business enterprises and smallholders.