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The report forecasts that Zambia's GDP per capita would increase by 51% by 2043 under the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario compared to the Current Path, potentially lifting an additional 9.4 million people out of extreme poverty. While the economy would grow to US$157.5 billion, the services sector would continue to dominate, and carbon emissions are projected to rise to 6 million tons due to economic expansion.

The report identifies structural constraints in Tanzania, such as extreme informality and infrastructure gaps, and proposes a 'Combined scenario' of coordinated reforms. This integrated pathway could increase GDP by US$80.4 billion and reduce poverty from 71% to 24% by 2043. Key recommendations include deepening AfCFTA integration, modernising agriculture, diversifying energy sources, and mainstreaming climate adaptation.

The report projects that Namibia's GDP per capita will increase from US$10,419 in 2019 to US$23,261 by 2043 under the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario, a 152% increase. This scenario is expected to lift an additional 700,000 people out of poverty compared to the Current Path. While the service, manufacturing, and ICT sectors are identified as the largest GDP contributors, the report notes that this economic growth will lead to a 267% increase in carbon emissions from 2019 levels, reaching 4.4 million tons by 2043.

The report analyzes the Republic of the Congo's economic and social outlook to 2043. It highlights a heavy dependence on oil, high poverty rates, and vulnerability to climate change. It evaluates 11 sectoral scenarios—including free trade, leapfrogging, and manufacturing—demonstrating that an integrated approach (Combined Agenda 2063) could significantly increase GDP per capita and reduce poverty, though it would lead to higher carbon emissions.

The report projects that Sierra Leone's population will grow to 13.1 million by 2043, with GDP increasing to US$12.8 billion under the Current Path. However, extreme poverty is expected to persist, with 42.2% of the population living below US$1.90 per day. Energy production is forecast to be dominated by gas (92.7%), and carbon emissions are projected to rise to 2 million tons. The report evaluates 11 sectoral scenarios, finding that agriculture and free trade have the highest potential to increase GDP per capita. In a Combined Agenda 2063 scenario, GDP per capita could reach US$4,304 and extreme poverty could drop to 10.3%, though carbon emissions would increase to 3.3 million tons.

The report projects that São Tomé and Príncipe will see population growth to 351,000 and a GDP per capita increase to US$4,910 by 2043 under its Current Path. While the nation remains a low carbon emitter, it faces systemic poverty and food insecurity. The 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario, integrating improvements in trade, manufacturing, and infrastructure, could significantly boost GDP per capita to US$7,082 and reduce the poverty rate to 39.8%, though this growth would increase carbon emissions to 130,000 tons.

The report analyzes Rwanda's economic trajectory through 2043, comparing a 'Current Path' forecast against scenarios focusing on governance, trade (AfCFTA), infrastructure, and agriculture. It finds that while Rwanda's GDP per capita is projected to grow, the Governance scenario offers the most significant potential for increasing wealth and reducing extreme poverty. The analysis also highlights the role of financial flows and trade openness in poverty reduction, while noting that the Agriculture scenario has a marginal impact due to the declining share of agriculture in the national GDP.

The report projects that Seychelles' GDP per capita will rise to US$33,409 by 2043 under the Current Path, though poverty remains high at 49.7%. While the economy is dominated by services and tourism, it faces food insecurity and an ageing population. Sectoral interventions in free trade and manufacturing offer the highest potential for GDP growth, while a 'Leapfrogging' scenario is the only one to reduce carbon emissions. The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario could increase GDP per capita to US$42,695 and reduce extreme poverty to 40.44%, albeit with a rise in carbon emissions to 241,380 tons.

The report analyzes Rwanda's development trajectories, finding that a 'Combined scenario' of sectoral improvements would significantly boost GDP and GDP per capita, potentially making Rwanda a high-income country by 2050. While this scenario drastically reduces extreme poverty and improves life expectancy, it also leads to higher carbon emissions than the Current Path and fails to meet Vision 2050's specific inequality targets. The economic structure would shift from service-led to manufacturing-led by 2050.

The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario for Sierra Leone projects a significant increase in GDP per capita to US$4,304 by 2043, driven primarily by agriculture and free trade. This scenario is estimated to lift an additional 3.9 million people out of extreme poverty compared to the Current Path, reducing the poverty rate to 10.3%. While the overall economy is projected to grow to US$27.5 billion, with the service, manufacturing, and ICT sectors as the largest contributors, carbon emissions are expected to rise to 3.3 million tons, exceeding the Current Path estimate of 2.2 million tons.

The document outlines a hypothetical 'Governance scenario' for Africa, defined by reductions in state failure and corruption, and improvements in democracy and gender empowerment. It argues that such improvements would lead to a significantly larger African economy by 2043, with substantial gains in GDP per capita and a reduction of 45.5 million people living in extreme poverty. The analysis highlights the role of digital technology in implementing efficient cash grant programs as a tool for inclusion, citing Egypt's Takaful and Karama program as an example.

The report examines government capacity in Africa, primarily through the lens of revenue mobilization and the tax-to-GDP ratio. It notes that while Africa's average tax-to-GDP ratio is around 15.6% to 16.5%, this remains lower than in Asia, Latin America, and OECD countries. The document highlights that low-income and larger African countries, such as Nigeria and the DR Congo, struggle more with resource mobilization and are often characterized by neo-patrimonialism and corruption, which undermine the effective use of revenues. However, it suggests that significant unmet tax potential remains, particularly in low-income countries, which could be unlocked through appropriate policies to improve public finances and reduce borrowing.

The Combined Agenda 2063 scenario for Togo projects a significant increase in GDP per capita to US$5,969 by 2043, nearly doubling the overall economy to US$51 billion compared to the Current Path. While the scenario predicts a substantial reduction in extreme poverty—lifting an additional 3 million people—it also forecasts an increase in carbon emissions to 5 million tons by 2043. Agriculture and Free Trade are identified as the sectors with the highest potential for improving economic development.

The report forecasts that the Combined Agenda 2063 scenario would significantly increase the Republic of the Congo's GDP per capita to US$12,917 by 2043, representing a 52.9% increase over the Current Path forecast. This integrated approach is expected to reduce the poverty rate by 16.5 percentage points, lifting 1.7 million additional people out of poverty. Economic diversification is a key outcome, with growth in manufacturing and services reducing the country's overdependence on oil extraction. While carbon emissions are projected to rise by 800,000 tons compared to the Current Path, this growth (19.5%) is disproportionately lower than the projected GDP increase (65%).

The document analyzes the 'Combined Agenda 2063' scenario for São Tomé and Príncipe, which integrates 11 sectoral scenarios to project development outcomes by 2043. The scenario predicts a significant increase in GDP per capita to US$7,082 and a substantial reduction in extreme poverty, lifting an additional 88,000 people above the poverty line compared to the Current Path. While the service, manufacturing, and agriculture sectors are identified as the primary GDP contributors, the report notes that this economic growth would lead to a 333.3% increase in carbon emissions, rising from 30,000 tons in 2019 to 130,000 tons by 2043, necessitating an accelerated energy transition.

The report analyzes Africa's unique governance trajectory, noting that the territorial state was a late colonial imposition. It details how slavery and the Cold War hindered state formation and discusses the subsequent waves of democratisation, highlighting a significant gap between electoral and liberal democracy on the continent.

The document examines the systemic shift in Africa's public debt landscape, noting that debt-to-GDP ratios rose from approximately 30 percent to over 60 percent between 2009 and 2019. It highlights a transition from concessional multilateral lending to a fragmented creditor base including private bondholders and non-Paris Club creditors, such as China. The report argues that climate-related impacts and institutional weaknesses are exacerbating fiscal stress, and that current policy responses and global initiatives like the G20 Common Framework have been insufficient or unevenly implemented.

The Center for International Environmental Law asserts that ocean protection is impossible without confronting the expansion of offshore oil and gas, which it identifies as the primary driver of the climate crisis. The organization calls on governments at the 11th Our Ocean Conference in Kenya to halt new offshore licensing, end public subsidies for expansion, and reject speculative marine geoengineering technologies that risk irreversible ecosystem damage. It further argues that states have binding legal duties under international law to prevent climate harm and protect the marine environment, which necessitates a coordinated phaseout of fossil fuel demand and supply.

The report analyses Africa's development path to 2043, comparing a 'Current Path' baseline with various sectoral scenarios and a 'Combined' scenario. While the Current Path shows steady growth, it fails to meet Agenda 2063 targets, leaving 19.1% of the population in extreme poverty. The Combined scenario demonstrates that coordinated reforms in governance, trade (AfCFTA), education, and infrastructure could raise GDP (MER) to US$8.87 trillion, increase GDP per capita (PPP) to US$8,040, and reduce extreme poverty to 10.9%. Key findings highlight the critical role of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and governance as the most transformative levers for income growth and poverty reduction. The report also details a significant energy gap, where demand is projected to outpace production by 2043 despite massive solar potential, and a health transition marked by a 'double burden' of persisting communicable diseases and rapidly rising non-communicable diseases.

The share of gas in the global power mix fell for the fifth consecutive year in 2025, dropping from 23.9% in 2020 to 21.8%. While absolute global gas generation has not yet peaked, its growth rate slowed from 2.9% (2016-2020) to 1.6% (2021-2025) as solar and wind met approximately 68% of global electricity demand growth over the last five years. By 2025, 61 out of 124 gas-generating economies had passed their historical gas generation peaks. In the G7, renewable power (2,544 TWh) nearly equaled gas power (2,577 TWh) in 2025. Conversely, gas remains central to the power sectors of the US and Canada, and continues to support demand in parts of North and West Africa.