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The document outlines the calculation methodology for stock analysis of demand technologies, detailing how stock turnover, energy intensity, energy consumption, and emissions are derived using variables such as vintage, survival profiles, and degradation factors.

The Effects screen in LEAP allows users to view, edit, and add data for 258 default environmental effects, including greenhouse gases and local air pollutants. The software integrates GWP values from IPCC Assessment Reports (AR1 through AR6), enabling users to calculate emissions in physical tonnes or CO2 equivalents. While the main system focuses on effects directly associated with energy use, the Impact Benefits Calculator (IBC) module can be used for indirect health and air quality impacts at a national scale.

The document details the calculations for transport analysis, focusing on how vehicle stock is tracked by vintage and how fuel economy, mileage, and emissions degrade over a vehicle's lifecycle. It specifies that stock is determined by sales and survival profiles, while energy and pollutant emissions are calculated based on distance traveled and age-related degradation factors.

The document provides a detailed technical walkthrough of the Settings menu in LEAP, covering the Scope & Scale, Years, Calculations, Costs, Optimization, IBC, Internet, Mapping, Folders, and Scripts tabs. It explains how users can enable specific analysis modules—such as energy demand, transformation, and environmental effects—and configure critical parameters like base years, discount rates, and optimization solvers. The guide also details the integration of the Impact Benefit Calculator (IBC) for health and climate impact modeling and the use of GIS shape files for geographical mapping of results.

The document provides technical instructions for associating environmental loadings with energy devices and fuels in LEAP. It details the use of the Technology and Environmental Database (TED) for default emission factors, the ability to manually enter or override factors using mathematical formulae, and the handling of units and dynamic emission factors for future scenarios.

The document provides a comprehensive multilingual glossary of terms essential for those working or studying in the fields of sustainable development, environmental policy, and human development. It covers a wide array of topics including renewable energy, ecological economics, climate change, and social indicators, aiming to standardize the understanding of these concepts within the context of Agenda 21 and sustainable development in Estonia.

The report analyzes the relationship between urban transportation, energy consumption, and emissions in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It finds that while CO2 emissions are relatively low globally, local PM10 levels frequently exceed national standards. The study proposes a 'PACKAGE' scenario—combining travel demand management, modal shifts to high-occupancy public transport, and stricter emission standards—as the most effective way to simultaneously reduce congestion, energy use, and pollutants.

The document discusses the launch and objectives of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC), based on UNEP and WMO assessments. It highlights 16 existing technological measures to reduce methane and black carbon that could lower global warming by 0.5C by 2050 and prevent millions of premature deaths. The text emphasizes that SLCP reduction is a development issue that complements long-term CO2 targets and focuses on practical implementation through national action planning and international collaboration.

The report critiques the Indonesian government's strategy of using natural gas as a 'bridge' fuel, specifically focusing on planned gas infrastructure in Bali, including a Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU) and several gas power plants (PLTG). It argues that gas is not a clean energy source due to methane leaks and carbon emissions, which contribute to the extreme weather and water crises already affecting Bali. The document highlights social and environmental damages from existing gas projects, such as the PLTGU Pemaron, and argues that Bali's significant renewable energy potential—estimated up to 26 GW—should be prioritized over fossil fuels to achieve true energy independence and climate resilience.

The document details the relationship between rising global temperatures and the formation of ground-level ozone, which is created when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with heat and sunlight. It highlights that without strong climate policies, respiratory issues such as asthma attacks could increase by 11.8 million annual incidences by 2050. The text emphasizes the disproportionate impact on children, the elderly, and Latino populations in the U.S., noting that nearly half of the U.S. population lives in areas with unhealthy ozone levels.

The Cooler Smarter Trivia Night Kit is a guide designed to help individuals host educational trivia events to encourage a 20% reduction in personal carbon footprints. It includes a sample agenda, planning tips, and five rounds of trivia questions covering energy efficiency, transportation, diet, and climate policy. The kit emphasizes science-based advice to help participants navigate conflicting messages about emissions and identifies specific high-impact changes, such as improving home insulation and reducing meat consumption.

The document argues that the U.S. electricity system can maintain reliability while complying with EPA rules to reduce mercury and toxic air emissions. It highlights the availability of flexible enforcement options, the existence of replacement plant capacity, and the availability of proven compliance technologies such as Flue Gas Desulphurization, Dry Sorbent Injection, and Activated Carbon Injection. The text notes that 17 states had already imposed mercury and toxic emission rules as of 2011 without imperiling reliability.

The document analyzes the governance of global environmental commons through the lens of public goods theory and historical precedents. It identifies a mixed record of success, highlighting the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment as critical achievements, while noting varied results in climate change and biodiversity efforts. The author argues that ramping up governance requires strengthening national coalitions, leveraging technological innovations in ICT and environmental measurement, and reinforcing the narrative of sustainable development, despite the counter-trend of rising global nationalist movements.

The study demonstrates that specific environmental messaging on restaurant menus can double the likelihood of customers choosing vegetarian items, suggesting a cost-effective method for food businesses to reduce emissions by shifting consumer diets.

The document defines fundamental climate policy terminology, distinguishing between market-based mechanisms like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade programs, and explaining concepts such as offsets, adaptation, and complementary policies.

The document explains 'extreme event attribution'—the scientific method used to determine if and how much climate change influenced a specific weather event. It warns journalists against three common mistakes: ignoring climate change, attributing events without evidence, or citing it as the sole cause. The guide provides detailed analysis for heatwaves, floods, tropical cyclones, heavy snow, droughts, and fires, noting that while heatwaves are unilaterally linked to global warming, other events like droughts and snowfall have more complex, region-specific relationships with climate change. It emphasizes that disasters result from both extreme weather and societal vulnerability.

The study concludes that the June 2019 heat wave in France was made at least five times more likely due to human-induced climate change. Observational data suggests a much higher increase in probability and a temperature rise of approximately 4ºC compared to a century ago, though climate models generally show lower trends and systematic biases in representing heat wave variability.

The document outlines the history of Earth's atmosphere from its volcanic origins to the development of oxygen-emitting photosynthesis. It describes the carbon cycle as a balancing process between reservoirs—including the atmosphere, oceans, and plants—that maintains planetary stability. However, industrial activity over the last century has released carbon from the ground into the atmosphere at a rate 100 times faster than previous natural increases, raising average temperatures by 1.8°F (1.0°C) since the late 1800s. This disruption has led to increased storms, flooding, wildfires, and heatwaves, necessitating urgent emission reductions and the restoration of the carbon cycle.

Wild kelp forests provide critical ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration, coastal protection, and support for global food security and biodiversity.

The document outlines the existential threat of climate change, specifically noting impacts in the US such as droughts in California and hurricanes along the eastern seaboard. It advocates for a transition to a 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 through reduced energy demand and the adoption of sustainable energy sources. The guide provides specific actionable advice for individuals to reduce energy consumption at home and at work, and urges US corporations to set science-based climate targets and reaffirm support for the Paris Climate Agreement.