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The report examines the limitations of traditional input-heavy agricultural subsidies in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia. It argues that while these programs can stabilize production in the short term, they often hinder the transition to climate-resilient systems and negatively impact soil health. The document emphasizes that successful reform requires a holistic approach combining organic inputs, improved land governance, and complementary investments in infrastructure and market development.

The report analyzes Tunisia's development prospects up to 2043, comparing a 'Current Path' of modest growth with various sectoral scenarios. It finds that while Tunisia has strong foundations in education and health, it faces structural stagnation, high youth unemployment, and an energy deficit. A 'Combined scenario' integrating reforms in governance, manufacturing, agriculture, and trade could significantly boost GDP, reduce extreme poverty to 0.7%, and lower the Gini coefficient to 0.30, though a persistent energy gap remains.

The report concludes that piecemeal reform is insufficient for Somalia's development, advocating for an integrated approach. It identifies state capacity and human capital as the most critical levers for growth, noting that a 'Combined scenario' of improvements could increase GDP (MER) by US$18.9 billion and lift 6.1 million people out of extreme poverty by 2043. Key recommendations include strengthening public institutions, expanding the manufacturing and agro-processing sectors to reduce reliance on live animal exports, and adopting pragmatic urban governance to manage displacement-driven urbanization.

The report concludes that while Rwanda has made significant development strides, it may not reach its Vision 2050 targets under current trends due to structural economic issues. However, a 'Combined' scenario involving integrated policies across governance, energy, and education could see GDP reach US$267.1 billion and extreme poverty drop to 0.04% by 2050. Key recommendations include transitioning to renewable energy, formalising the informal sector, and adopting climate-smart agriculture.

The report outlines a strategic roadmap for Niger's development, emphasizing the need to transition from a resource-dependent economy to a diversified one. It highlights critical vulnerabilities, including a 47.4% extreme poverty rate as of 2023 and significant food insecurity affecting 13% of the population in 2024. Key recommendations focus on leveraging a youthful demographic, scaling solar energy to improve a 21.5% national electricity access rate, and implementing climate-smart agriculture to combat desertification. The document also stresses the importance of governance reform following a history of five military takeovers and the need for regional security cooperation through the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) and the Lake Chad Basin Commission.

The report analyzes Rwanda's development trajectories, finding that a 'Combined scenario' of sectoral improvements would significantly boost GDP and GDP per capita, potentially making Rwanda a high-income country by 2050. While this scenario drastically reduces extreme poverty and improves life expectancy, it also leads to higher carbon emissions than the Current Path and fails to meet Vision 2050's specific inequality targets. The economic structure would shift from service-led to manufacturing-led by 2050.

The report evaluates South Sudan's development prospects through 2043, contrasting a 'Current Path' of gradual improvement with a 'Combined scenario' of integrated reforms. While the current path is deemed insufficient to meet the goals of the SSDP 2026–2036, the combined approach suggests that coordinated investments in agriculture, human capital, and infrastructure can accelerate poverty reduction and economic diversification. Key recommendations include scaling solar energy, implementing climate-smart agriculture, and leveraging the AfCFTA to reduce reliance on the oil sector.

The report analyzes Djibouti's development path to 2043, comparing a 'Current Path' baseline with sectoral and combined scenarios. While the Current Path shows steady growth, it falls short of Vision 2035 targets. A 'Combined scenario' of coordinated reforms in governance, finance, and trade could accelerate GDP growth to 8.9% and triple per capita income. The analysis emphasizes that Djibouti's primary constraints are not infrastructure gaps, but rather the efficiency and inclusiveness of its growth model, which remains heavily dependent on port logistics and external debt.

The report analyzes Ghana's socio-economic landscape, projecting its development to 2043. It highlights a strong growth potential driven by natural resources but warns of persistent poverty, high public debt, and corruption. The analysis compares a 'Current Path' with several targeted scenarios—including Governance, Manufacturing, and AfCFTA—demonstrating that integrated policy interventions in education, health, and industrialization could significantly increase GDP per capita and reduce extreme poverty. It also addresses critical challenges such as the 'galamsey' illegal mining crisis affecting water and forests, and the need for a transition toward renewable energy to mitigate rising carbon emissions.

As of March 31, 2026, the GCF has total pledged amounts of USD 30.0 billion, with USD 24.0 billion in committed funding. The Fund's accredited entity network has grown to 168 entities, with a strong emphasis on Direct Access Entities (DAEs). The portfolio shows a shift toward adaptation, which now represents 59% of funding in grant equivalent terms. The GCF is managing a pipeline of 139 concept notes and 51 funding proposals. However, several projects face implementation challenges, including the Mali solar rural electrification project, which is awaiting formal termination following the government's decision to cancel co-financing.

The inventory details nature-based solutions (NbS) in Namibia, emphasizing community-based natural resource management and the integration of biodiversity conservation with climate adaptation. It highlights the critical need for NbS due to Namibia's high vulnerability to arid conditions, recurrent droughts, and land degradation, which threaten agriculture, tourism, and rural livelihoods.

The report warns that climate change is increasing the probability of simultaneous crop failures in major global breadbaskets, which could trigger food price spikes, social unrest, and geopolitical instability. Using France, Germany, and India as examples, it projects significant increases in crop failure risks by 2040 and highlights how extreme heat undermines both agricultural yields and the labor and infrastructure necessary for food security. For Europe, these failures could be exploited by Russia through hybrid warfare and disinformation, while destabilizing import-dependent NATO and EU partners. The authors recommend that NATO and the EU integrate food security into resilience frameworks, protect agricultural aid, coordinate trade responses to avoid export bans, and increase investment in climate-smart agricultural R&D.

Kenya faces a significant economic burden from fossil fuel imports and subsidies despite having a nearly 90 percent renewable electricity grid. The report argues that transitioning away from fossil fuels is an economic imperative, as revenues from potential oil and coal projects are insufficient to address the national debt. It proposes a three-step pathway: immediate integration of phase-out plans, short-to-medium term divestment and investment in high-growth sectors (renewable energy, e-mobility, climate-smart agriculture, green manufacturing, and the digital economy), and long-term decarbonisation of hard-to-abate sectors. The document also highlights the risks of stranded assets and 'debt trap diplomacy' and recommends joining a Fossil Fuel Treaty to unlock international finance and technical support.

Africa's green transition is projected to generate between 3.8 and 7.9 million jobs by 2030, rising to 65.9–84.5 million by 2050. The report argues that this growth will be service-led and decentralized, with indirect roles—such as installation, distribution, and maintenance—accounting for 56% of employment by 2030. Clean cooking is identified as the largest green value chain by 2030. However, the report highlights significant structural inequalities: 86% of 2030 green jobs are projected to be informal, and women remain concentrated in low-value roles despite high participation in sectors like clean cooking. The analysis of South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya reveals diverse transition architectures, ranging from South Africa's formal, utility-scale model to Nigeria's nano-enterprise-driven decentralized approach. Key recommendations include directing finance toward service-led value chains, reforming TVET systems through modular programs, and extending social protection to informal workers via mobile platforms.

The report provides a detailed inventory of 11 nature-based solutions (NbS) projects in Namibia, focusing on ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to combat drought, land degradation, and biodiversity loss. It highlights the central role of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern conservation. Key interventions include agroforestry, sustainable rangeland management, and the development of biodiversity-based livelihoods such as beekeeping and eco-tourism. The document details project locations across nine regions, their intended beneficiaries, and the specific climate and biodiversity risks they address, serving as a resource for government officials and practitioners to identify synergies and gaps in NbS implementation.

The Nature-Based Solutions Inventory for Zimbabwe documents 10 NbS for adaptation projects across five regions, focusing on ecological restoration, livelihood resilience, and inclusive governance. Key interventions include reforestation, wetland rehabilitation, and climate-smart agriculture to combat risks such as prolonged droughts, flooding, and habitat loss. The inventory highlights a strong concentration of projects in the Southern region and emphasizes the integration of traditional knowledge and gender-responsive approaches to ensure equitable benefits for vulnerable populations.

The report analyzes Malawi's development futures, noting that while a 'Combined scenario' shows GDP per capita 35% higher than the 'Current Path' by 2043, this is insufficient to reach lower-middle-income status by 2030. It highlights persistent gaps in urbanization, industrialization, and healthcare, while emphasizing the critical impact of climate variability on rain-fed agriculture. Key recommendations include expanding Special Economic Zones, adopting climate-smart agriculture, and implementing nature-based solutions for flood prevention.

The report argues that while Ghana has achieved middle-income status, its economic growth has not translated into broad development dividends due to persistent debt, corruption, and an untransformed agrarian structure. It outlines a path to increase GDP to US$365 billion by 2043 through aggressive export-led manufacturing, governance reforms, and targeted investments in health, education, and climate-smart agriculture. Key recommendations include phasing out fossil fuels in favour of solar and hydro energy, addressing energy sector debt, and implementing constitutional reforms to ensure legislative independence.

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) criticizes the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) for raising the repo rate to 7% on May 28, 2026, arguing that inflation is driven by external supply-side costs rather than excessive demand. The IEJ contends that high real interest rates—roughly 3% compared to an emerging market average of 2%—stifle investment, increase government debt-servicing costs, and burden households already facing high unemployment and rising costs of living. The document calls for a shift toward a developmental monetary policy that supports green industrialization, energy sovereignty, and infrastructure renewal to achieve genuine price stability.

The report analyzes Cameroon's economic potential and challenges, arguing that while the country shows gradual progress, it remains hindered by dependence on extractive sectors and governance weaknesses. It recommends a coordinated approach to structural reforms focusing on manufacturing, agricultural transformation, and governance to reduce poverty and informality. Specifically, it emphasizes the need for climate-smart agriculture, the utilization of hydroelectric and solar capacity to become a regional energy hub, and the strategic use of the AfCFTA to boost trade and industrialization.