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A research paper by CPI/PUC-Rio reveals that the public support for Brazilian rural credit between 2023 and 2025 averaged R$ 59.7 billion per year, nearly five times the commonly reported cost of R$ 12.5 billion for interest rate equalization. The study identifies four primary support mechanisms: economic subsidies, tax benefits (the largest component), public funding sources, and debt renegotiations. It highlights a lack of focalization, with only 31.9% of credit linked to social, environmental, or climate goals, and a significant transparency gap, as 65.2% of contracted volumes lack essential public monitoring data in the Sicor system.

The report examines the limitations of traditional input-heavy agricultural subsidies in sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia. It argues that while these programs can stabilize production in the short term, they often hinder the transition to climate-resilient systems and negatively impact soil health. The document emphasizes that successful reform requires a holistic approach combining organic inputs, improved land governance, and complementary investments in infrastructure and market development.

The report analyzes the transition from traditional input subsidies to sustainable public support for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that while inorganic fertilizer subsidies provide short-term yield gains, they often lead to soil degradation, fiscal strain, and inequitable access. Through case studies in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia, the document demonstrates that integrating soil health management, utilizing digital eVoucher systems for better targeting, and aligning subsidies with broader land tenure and market reforms are essential for long-term food system resilience.

The Forest Declaration Assessment recommends that the COP30 Presidency focus on four systemic levers to meet 2030 forest goals: aligning national ambition and planning, securing land rights and governance, reforming trade and real-economy incentives, and transforming financial systems. Key proposals include integrating deforestation targets into NDCs, ensuring 30% of forest finance reaches Indigenous and community organizations, repurposing harmful agricultural subsidies, and implementing mandatory nature-related risk disclosures for financial institutions.

The document argues that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has transformed the phase-out of fossil fuel subsidies from a political commitment into a mandatory legal obligation. It recommends that states inventory harmful financial supports, phase them out gradually to minimize socio-economic disruption, and redirect funds toward green solutions and population support. While the ICJ explicitly mentioned fossil fuel subsidies, the briefing suggests this reasoning extends to other harmful supports, such as agricultural subsidies.

The document argues that the ICJ Advisory Opinion transforms the removal of fossil fuel and other climate-harmful subsidies from a political commitment into a legal imperative. It recommends that states track financial support, phase out subsidies gradually, reallocate funds to green solutions, and coordinate internationally to reduce legal and political risks.

The briefing examines the legal implications of the 2025 ICJ Advisory Opinion on climate change, arguing that the provision of fossil fuel subsidies may constitute an internationally wrongful act. It extends this reasoning to other harmful subsidies, such as those in agriculture and plastics, and provides recommendations for states to reduce legal risk through transparent, phased reforms and international coordination via the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives Including Subsidies (COFFIS).

The document argues that the ICJ's 2025 advisory opinion transforms the removal of fossil fuel subsidies from a political commitment into a legal imperative, as such subsidies may constitute an 'internationally wrongful act'. It suggests this reasoning extends to other harmful subsidies, such as those in agriculture and plastics, increasing the legal risk for states. The briefing recommends that governments implement transparent, gradual phase-out plans, prioritize social protection over production subsidies, and coordinate internationally through initiatives like the Coalition on Phasing Out Fossil Fuel Incentives including Subsidies (COFFIS).

The Global Climate and Health Alliance outlines the critical links between industrial food systems, fossil fuel reliance, and adverse health outcomes. It highlights how the industrialization of agriculture contributes to 34% of global greenhouse gas emissions and drives a 'global syndemic' of obesity and undernutrition. The document emphasizes the role of fossil-fuel-derived agrochemicals and plastics in promoting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and biodiversity loss. To address these crises, the Alliance recommends establishing sustainable dietary guidelines, decarbonizing food processing and transport, adopting agroecological practices, and eliminating subsidies for harmful industrial agricultural practices.

The document finds that farming is highly valued in Britain as a crucial part of national identity and food security, with the public viewing farmers as being on the frontline of climate change impacts. It argues that climate policies must be developed in collaboration with farmers to avoid being perceived as punitive, as protecting the food supply and supporting farmers is a top priority for government climate action across all demographic groups.

The Living Planet Report 2026 documents a 73% average decline in monitored vertebrate populations between 1970 and 2022. It identifies the energy, food, and financial systems as the primary drivers of this loss. The report introduces a framework of 'positive tipping points'—thresholds where beneficial change becomes self-amplifying—to accelerate the transition to a nature-positive economy. While the energy sector is already in an 'accelerating phase,' the food and finance sectors remain in the 'enabling phase.' The report emphasizes that achieving the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework targets by 2030 requires coordinated global action, subsidy reform, and the inclusion of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in governance.

The document serves as a collection of expert perspectives on the intersection of trade, climate, and sustainable development. It specifically investigates where trade cooperation is most needed to meet Paris climate goals and identifies opportunities for concrete outcomes within the WTO and other international fora. The compilation covers a wide range of thematic areas, including clean energy value chains, green industrial policies, the decarbonization of maritime transport, and the role of trade in supporting climate adaptation and justice, with a particular focus on the needs of developing regions such as Africa and the Caribbean.

The paper explores the bidirectional relationship between agriculture and industrial policy. It highlights how agriculture's long experience with subsidies and market distortions can inform current green industrial strategies, while detailing how the transition to a bioeconomy and green energy affects agricultural inputs and land use. The author emphasizes the need for 'sustainable productivity' metrics and warns of fiscal asymmetries between high-income and low-income countries during this transition.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment reports that global forests remain in crisis, with 8.07 million hectares of deforestation in 2024, leaving the world 63% off track for 2030 goals. While some natural recovery and national reforms in countries like Brazil and Indonesia show promise, the report finds that corporate commitments are largely unimplemented and public finance for forests is dwarfed by environmentally harmful agricultural subsidies. It calls for a shift from voluntary pledges to mandatory regulations and inclusive governance that secures land rights for Indigenous Peoples and local communities.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment reports that global forests remain in crisis, with 8.07 million hectares lost in 2024 and a 63% gap relative to the 2030 zero-deforestation goal. While some national reforms in Brazil, Colombia, and Indonesia show promise, corporate action remains largely insufficient, and public finance for forests is dwarfed by harmful agricultural subsidies. The report emphasizes that current voluntary corporate commitments are inadequate and calls for mandatory regulations, inclusive governance for indigenous peoples, and a fundamental shift in the global financial system to prioritize forest stability over extractive production.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment reports that global forests remain in crisis, with deforestation and degradation continuing at high rates. Despite some progress in natural regeneration and specific national reforms in Brazil, Colombia, and Indonesia, the report finds that corporate commitments are largely insufficient and public and private financing remains drastically misaligned with forest protection goals. It calls for systemic changes, including mandatory regulations and inclusive governance, to reverse these trends by 2030.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment finds that global forests remain in crisis, with 8.1 million hectares lost in 2024 and the world 63% off track for zero deforestation by 2030. Deforestation is primarily driven by permanent agriculture (86%), while forest degradation is escalating rapidly, particularly in the Amazon Basin. Private sector action remains largely insufficient, with only 3% of Forest 500 companies meeting expectations for strong commitments. Public finance for forests (USD 5.7 billion) is dwarfed by environmentally harmful agricultural subsidies (USD 409 billion). Governance is hindered by power imbalances and insecure land rights, though protected areas now cover 17.5% of global land. The report calls for mandatory regulations, integrated landscape approaches, and inclusive decision-making involving Indigenous Peoples and local communities to meet 2030 goals.

The 2025 Forest Declaration Assessment finds that the world is significantly off track to achieve zero deforestation by 2030, with 8.1 million hectares lost in 2024. The report highlights a systemic failure where harmful agricultural subsidies (USD 409 billion annually) dwarf positive forest finance, and where corporate commitments remain largely voluntary and insufficient. While some countries like Brazil and Indonesia have shown that political will can reduce deforestation, these gains are threatened by geopolitical instability and regulatory rollbacks. The assessment emphasizes that forests are better managed when Indigenous Peoples and local communities have secure tenure rights, yet only 13 percent of customary lands in tropical forests are formally recognized. It calls for a shift from voluntary pledges to mandatory regulations and inclusive governance to prevent ecosystem collapse.

The document argues that while WTO rules provide policy space for LDCs to build climate-resilient agriculture, these countries often lack the financial and technical capacity to utilize them. It recommends targeted assistance through Aid for Trade to design compliant subsidies, mapping of climate technologies to facilitate TRIPS-compliant transfers, and the establishment of exemptions for LDCs from food and fertilizer export bans to ensure food security amid climate shocks.

The document examines the intersection of trade and the bioeconomy, arguing that while international trade can exacerbate biodiversity loss, it can also be leveraged through price-based, support, and regulatory measures to promote sustainability. It highlights the economic significance of biodiversity-based trade and calls for enhanced international cooperation, particularly through the G20, to align policies, remove harmful subsidies, and support low- and middle-income countries in their transition.