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The document analyzes the transition from traditional peacekeeping to multifunctional peace support operations (MPSOs) in the post-Cold War era. It highlights the confusion between peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and enforcement, and argues that the failure of many 1990s missions stemmed from a lack of clear authority, poor civil-military coordination, and the application of 'old scripts' to complex intra-state conflicts. The authors propose a reversal of operational tasking—starting with peace enforcement to establish a secure environment before transitioning to peacekeeping—and emphasize the need for specialized training and robust information gathering.

The document analyzes the 1990-1996 rebellion in Northern Mali, driven by the marginalization of Tuareg and Arab nomads and a development gap between the North and South. It details how the Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) leveraged long-term trust and a network of Malian advisors to facilitate 37 intercommunity meetings, enabling local civil society to lead reconciliation efforts. While the National Pact and subsequent integration of combatants provided a framework for peace, the author argues that lasting stability depends on increased international investment in infrastructure and the removal of IMF-imposed structural adjustment restrictions that hinder the staffing of essential services.

The document examines how dwindling fresh water resources and population growth in Southern Africa increase the risk of resource-based conflict. It advocates for redefining security to include 'soft' non-military threats, such as ecological degradation and poverty, and suggests that regional co-operation through SADC and free trade can mitigate water insecurity. The text provides a detailed synoptic view of major river basins in the region, noting a paradox where the most economically developed areas (the south) have the scarcest water, while the north possesses abundant but under-utilised resources.

The document advocates for a flexible, part-time volunteer system within the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to improve community security and stability. It highlights a successful 1994 pilot in Mpumalanga where black volunteers were recruited and trained to combat illegal immigration, cattle theft, and smuggling along the Mozambican border. The author argues that this model of community-based security, which also extends to nature reserves, fosters self-sufficiency, discipline, and regional stability, and should be scaled nationally to support South Africa's broader social and economic reconstruction.

The report summarizes a workshop focused on rural electrification in four East African countries. It examines obstacles to electrification and explores potential solutions, with a specific emphasis on bio-electrification and the potential of solar, wind, and hydro power for rural electricity production.

The report argues that high food prices in Africa are driven by a combination of climate change, global shocks like the Russia-Ukraine war, and systemic market failures. It highlights extreme corporate concentration in seeds, agrochemicals, and trading, which allows a few firms to capture excess margins at the expense of small-scale farmers and urban consumers. Using maize and soybean markets in East and Southern Africa as case studies, the authors demonstrate how poor regional trade and market power lead to price spikes and reduced production. The document proposes an agenda for action centered on real-time market monitoring via the African Market Observatory, strengthened competition enforcement, and investments in climate-resilient infrastructure.

The Harare Declaration, adopted during the first African Conference on Debt and Development (AfCoDD) in August 2021, calls for a systemic overhaul of the global debt architecture to address the vulnerabilities of African nations. It highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated poverty and debt burdens, potentially pushing 39 million Africans into extreme poverty. The document criticizes the current system for prioritizing creditor interests over social and environmental justice, noting a shift toward commercial bonds and a lack of transparency in debt contraction. To counter this, the declaration proposes the creation of an African Monitoring and Control Mechanism, a Monetary Fund, and an African Bank. It further advocates for a feminist approach to macroeconomics, a green recovery aligned with the AU's Agenda 2063, and the possibility of collective debt default to break the cycle of neoliberal dependency.

The document examines how rising debt burdens in Africa lead to austerity measures that compromise basic human rights, such as health and education. It highlights the success of previous debt relief initiatives like HIPC and MDRI while calling for a human rights-based approach to current debt management and the revamping of the G20 Common Framework.

The document critiques the G20 Common Framework and prior initiatives like HIPC, MDRI, and DSSI, claiming they provide minimal relief while encouraging new borrowing. It highlights the negative impact of credit rating agency biases and the lack of private creditor participation. The authors propose a shift toward an African-led financial system, including a gold-backed currency called the African Financial Asset (AfA), and call for unconditional debt cancellation.

The document examines the tension between Africa's fossil fuel endowments and the global push for decarbonization, highlighting the risks of stranded assets and the dominance of Global North financing. It argues for a Just Transition that ensures energy access while moving toward low-carbon sources.

The document examines how Mozambique's vast natural gas reserves, particularly in the Rovuma Basin, have failed to translate into sustainable development, instead contributing to regional inequality, corruption, and civil unrest in Cabo Delgado. It analyzes the 'enclave' nature of extractive projects and the country's severe debt crisis, including the 'Tuna Bonds' scandal. The brief also addresses the gendered impacts of the energy sector and the challenges of transitioning to a just energy future while managing critical minerals like graphite.

The paper argues that the current international financial architecture and neoliberal debt sustainability frameworks ignore gender and ecological dimensions, disproportionately burdening women and nature in Sub-Saharan Africa. It proposes a decolonial African feminist approach based on six principles—epistemic liberation, historicity, specificity, intersectionality, dignity, and justice—to shift the focus from capital-centric growth to social and ecological reproduction.

The report by Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD) analyzes ten 'misleading claims' used by fossil fuel interests to delay the energy transition. It argues that fossil fuels are the primary driver of climate change, with 36.6 billion tonnes of the 40.5 billion global CO2 emissions in 2022 originating from their use. The document debunks claims that emissions—rather than fossil fuels themselves—are the problem, and challenges the industry's focus on Scope 1 and 2 emissions, noting that Scope 3 emissions account for 80-95% of total carbon emissions for oil and gas companies. It further critiques technological 'solutions' like Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), Direct Air Capture (DAC), e-fuels, and 'blue' hydrogen, characterizing them as expensive, inefficient, or unproven at the scale required to limit warming to 1.5C. Finally, it argues that fossil fuel reliance hinders economic growth in Africa and Asia and exacerbates the global cost-of-living crisis.

The document highlights that just 1% of Kenya's superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 131 GW of energy capacity, far exceeding the country's projected 2050 electricity demand of 63,694 GWh. It argues that this technology could replace coal imports, reduce land-use footprints compared to other renewables, and leverage Kenya's existing geothermal expertise to foster economic growth and decarbonization.

The document highlights that just 1% of Mozambique's estimated superhot rock geothermal resource could provide 38 GW of capacity, far exceeding the country's 2021 electricity consumption of 18,860 GWh. This resource could theoretically replace all fossil fuels in the electricity sector, eliminate the 43% of electricity currently imported, and require significantly less land than other energy sources.

The text emphasizes the urgent need to scale out community-based adaptation (CBA) through increased finance, noting that mitigation currently dominates climate funding. It highlights successful local initiatives in Colombia, Ethiopia, Uganda, Mozambique, and Vietnam, while praising Nepal's target of directing 80% of climate finance to the local level via its Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPA) programme.

The document details a project supporting Mozambique in modelling low-emissions scenarios using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) and the REDD Abacus model. Focusing on agriculture and energy, the project found that switching to solar-powered irrigation and agroforestry could significantly reduce emissions. These integrated scenarios were used to inform the country's next NDC. The project also emphasized national capacity building and peer learning through the Africa LEDS project, sharing findings with other nations like Ghana.

The case study examines 'The Economics of Adaptation, Water Security and Climate Resilient Development in Africa' programme (2013-2015), which trained over 130 professionals across eight African nations. It highlights the effectiveness of combining professional workshops with mandatory Action Plans and mentor-mentee relationships to bridge the gap between training and implementation. Key outcomes included the integration of climate change into Tunisia's national planning terms of reference and the approval of a flood management project in Maputo, Mozambique.

The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) provides research, technical assistance, and knowledge dissemination to help developing countries integrate low-carbon and resilient growth into their national policies. Funded by the UK's DFID and the Netherlands' DGIS, CDKN focuses on four strategic themes: climate-compatible development plans, improving access to climate finance, disaster risk management, and supporting negotiators from the least developed and most vulnerable countries. The organization operates in over 40 countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, aiming to improve the quality of life for those most affected by climate change through a demand-driven approach.

The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) provides research, technical assistance, and advocacy to help developing countries integrate climate resilience and low-carbon growth into their national policies. Operating across Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, CDKN focuses on four strategic themes: climate compatible development strategies, access to climate finance, disaster risk management, and support for international climate negotiators from vulnerable nations. The network is funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Netherlands Foreign Ministry (DGIS).