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The document details the technical approach for mapping disruptive flooding and its impact on critical infrastructure across US territories. It describes the use of NOAA tide gauge data, digital elevation models, and three sea level rise scenarios (low, medium, and high) to project inundation. The analysis overlays these flood maps with datasets covering housing, education, industrial sites, energy, government, and health facilities, while incorporating socioeconomic data from the White House Council on Environmental Quality to assess impacts on disadvantaged communities.

The study assesses the 'Rohejälg' project in Tallinn, focusing on how temporary spatial interventions affect public space usage. At Raekoja Square, a temporary park successfully democratized the area by providing a non-commercial resting space, though it lacked shade and water. In the Linnahall area, interventions like new benches and a community sauna improved accessibility and user experience, although the region remains heavily car-centric. The report concludes that tactical urbanism is an effective tool for testing sustainable, human-centric urban design before implementing permanent changes.

The report analyzes the effectiveness of protected areas (APs) in the MAP region (Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia) in mitigating forest fires from 2000 to 2020. It finds that while APs significantly reduce fire occurrence compared to unprotected areas, they remain vulnerable to extreme climate events and increasing human pressure from surrounding deforestation and agribusiness.

The report argues that a carbon price exceeding US$ 20 per ton of CO2 captured would make forest restoration more profitable than cattle ranching across most of the Brazilian Amazon. This mechanism could capture 16 Gt CO2 through restoration and avoid 32 Gt CO2 from deforestation over 30 years, totaling 48 Gt CO2. The study uses a dynamic spatial model to show that such payments would generate US$ 320 billion in revenue, preventing the forest from reaching a tipping point and transforming the region from a net carbon emitter to a carbon sink.

The report argues that a carbon price of US$ 20 per ton of CO2 captured would incentivize a shift from cattle ranching to forest restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. This transition could capture 16 Gt of CO2 and avoid 32 Gt of emissions over 30 years, generating US$ 320 billion in revenue. The analysis contrasts this with a historical implicit valuation of US$ 5.76 per ton, which the authors suggest leads toward a critical tipping point of deforestation.

The report finds that deforestation in the Amazon is highly concentrated, with 28% of the biome's deforestation occurring in rural settlements that occupy only 8% of its territory. Specifically, 75% of forest loss in settled areas in 2022 occurred in just 5% of the settlements. The authors argue that targeted interventions in these high-impact areas, combining command-and-control measures with sustainable incentives like payments for environmental services (PSA) and technical assistance, are essential to meeting Brazil's 2030 climate goals.

The report finds that deforestation in the Amazon's rural settlements is highly concentrated, with 5% of settlements accounting for 17% of the biome's total deforestation between 2012 and 2022. It argues that targeting a small group of persistent high-deforestation settlements, often located near federal highways, offers a high-impact opportunity for forest preservation. The authors recommend a combination of strengthened environmental monitoring and enforcement by IBAMA, alongside sustainable incentives such as payments for environmental services (PES) and forest restoration initiatives.

The report evaluates three flood risk reduction scenarios in Thessaly, Greece: nature-based infrastructure (NBI), hybrid infrastructure, and grey infrastructure. Using the SAVi methodology, it finds that NBI—consisting of riparian forest and floodplain restoration—offers the highest benefit-to-cost ratio (2.9) over 25 years. Notably, the carbon storage value of NBI (EUR 12.8 million) exceeds the total implementation costs for both NBI (EUR 6.8 million) and hybrid options (EUR 9.3 million).

The authors developed a composite social vulnerability index for flooding in Sweden by combining stakeholder participation with an indicator-based framework. The resulting index revealed that social vulnerability is unevenly distributed and mirrors income segregation patterns within municipalities, providing a tool for more equitable flood risk reduction strategies.

The report evaluates the restoration of the Mallorquín Swamp in Barranquilla, Colombia, using a sustainable asset valuation (SAVi) approach. It finds that nature-based infrastructure (NBI) provides greater societal value and better climate adaptation benefits at a lower cost than grey infrastructure alternatives, particularly when combined with investments in ecotourism.

The analysis identifies three priority strategies for the Brazilian government: federal prioritization of rural settlements, state-led implementation of the Forest Code on private lands, and joint efforts for territorial zoning of undesignated public areas. Between 2012 and 2021, federal public areas and private properties were the primary sites of forest loss, accounting for 45% and 28% of deforested areas, respectively. The study highlights a significant acceleration of deforestation in federal public areas and areas with no land tenure data between 2018 and 2021, increasing by 91% and 74% respectively. Geographically, the states of Pará, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, and Rondônia are the most affected, with five states together accounting for 95% of the deforested area in the biome. The report emphasizes that effective protection requires improving public data quality and coordinating federal support for state-level enforcement of the Forest Code.

The report identifies that deforestation in the Amazon biome is heavily concentrated in federal public areas and private properties, with a significant acceleration in both since 2019. It argues that the federal government should prioritize rural settlements and the regularization of undesignated public forests, while state governments should focus on implementing the Forest Code on private lands. The analysis emphasizes that coordination between these two levels of government is essential for territorial ordering and effective environmental enforcement.

The report assesses the economic viability of flood mitigation strategies in Colombia's La Mojana region, comparing grey infrastructure, nature-based infrastructure (NBI), and sustainable agriculture. It finds that all considered interventions are investment-worthy, with the potential to avoid over USD 1.26 billion in damages over 30 years.

The report examines the role of voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) in the South Asian cotton sector, specifically in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It identifies three primary sustainability challenges: excessive synthetic pesticide use, severe water depletion, and volatile farmer incomes. The analysis finds that VSSs like Better Cotton, Organic, Fairtrade, and the REEL Cotton Code have significant market potential, particularly those allowing genetically modified (GM) cotton, which dominates the region. Spatial analysis indicates that VSSs are largely implemented in high-need areas, though gaps remain in regions like Andhra Pradesh and Haryana. The report concludes that while VSSs provide a framework for sustainable production, there is a lack of integrated regional policy or trade agreement provisions to scale these benefits, recommending stronger alignment between government policies and VSS requirements.

The document analyzes GPS collar data from 291 elephants to identify movement patterns and corridors across the KAZA TFCA. It finds that while 44% of collared elephants engage in transboundary movements, border fences act as almost complete barriers to females. The report identifies three types of micro-corridors—water-related, fence-channeled, and human-modified pinchpoints—and highlights significant threats including physical barriers, land use change, human-elephant conflict, and poaching. It recommends a combination of fence reviews, community-led corridor designation, and holistic human-elephant conflict management to maintain the connectivity of the world's largest elephant population.

The report examines the 'blue corridors' of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Bering Strait to the Antarctic Peninsula, highlighting how these migratory routes are essential for whale survival and ocean health. It details cumulative threats including ship strikes, fisheries bycatch, ghost gear, underwater noise, and climate change. The document advocates for the implementation of connected networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) to meet the global 30x30 target, while proposing specific regional initiatives like the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) and the Global Oceans Treaty (BBNJ) to protect whales in international waters.

Analysis of FEMA heat data and Yale Climate Opinion Maps reveals a positive correlation (r = 0.12) between extreme heat exposure and worry about global warming in the U.S. However, a specific group of 217 counties—primarily in the Midwest and South—exhibit high exposure but lower-than-average worry. These counties, representing 6.4 million people, are characterized by higher proportions of white residents, rural populations, and 2020 Republican voters compared to the national average. The authors argue that these gaps in risk perception increase vulnerability to heat-related illness and death, necessitating tailored educational outreach and policy responses.

The study found that actual harvest losses for corn (4.7%) and soybeans (4.5%) significantly exceed industry goals (1% and 3% respectively). These losses are primarily driven by combine settings and operator error, with smaller farms using less sophisticated equipment experiencing the highest losses. The report argues that reducing these losses could significantly decrease the pressure to convert natural prairies to cropland in the Northern Great Plains.

The report highlights a critical gap in the state of Pará, Brazil, where infrastructure planning prioritizes large-scale projects like roads and railroads over essential local services. Using high-resolution data, the authors demonstrate that access to sanitation, healthcare, education, and digital connectivity is extremely low and unequally distributed, with residents in the areas of influence of large projects often facing worse conditions than the state average. The report suggests using compensation payments from large-scale projects to fund these essential local infrastructure gaps.

The report documents the expansion of phosphate mining by Industries Chimiques du Sénégal (ICS) from 1960 to 2022, noting that the exploited area grew from 2,821 hectares to 8,888 hectares. This expansion led to the displacement of 23 villages and the loss of approximately 30,500 hectares of agricultural land across the Ndomor Diop, Keur Mor Fall, and Tobène quarries. The study highlights severe environmental degradation, including air and water pollution, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss, alongside socio-economic tensions primarily centered on inadequate compensation for displaced populations. While ICS has implemented Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives in education, health, and water access, the report argues these are superficial and fail to address the root causes of conflict, such as land expropriation and toxic emissions. It recommends a shift toward 'local content' policies, strict adherence to the Mining and Environment Codes for land rehabilitation, and fair compensation based on production loss rather than simple investment costs.