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The research distinguishes between East and Central ENSO types, finding that they produce different precipitation patterns in South America. East El Niño (EEN) is associated with positive precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil, while Central El Niño (CEN) is linked to negative anomalies in eastern Brazil. Generally, anomalies are more extensive and stronger during East ENSO events than Central ones, though southern Brazil in austral spring is an exception. The frequency of extreme precipitation events generally aligns with these seasonal anomalies, though the areas of increased extreme event frequency are often more extensive than those with increased seasonal precipitation.

The project focuses on enhancing disaster prevention in the Eastern Pacific by reconstructing historical cyclone records, studying lightning as a proxy for intensification, and utilizing high-resolution ocean and atmospheric models (HWRF) to improve storm surge and track forecasts.

The report examines the 'blue corridors' of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, from the Bering Strait to the Antarctic Peninsula, highlighting how these migratory routes are essential for whale survival and ocean health. It details cumulative threats including ship strikes, fisheries bycatch, ghost gear, underwater noise, and climate change. The document advocates for the implementation of connected networks of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) to meet the global 30x30 target, while proposing specific regional initiatives like the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (CMAR) and the Global Oceans Treaty (BBNJ) to protect whales in international waters.

WWF is implementing an integrated approach in the Eastern Pacific, specifically Ecuador and the Galápagos, to address threats from climate change and unsustainable resource use. By 2030, the initiative aims to place 30% of the seascape under protected areas and improve food security, income, and safety for 3.7 million people through strengthened maritime governance, sustainable livelihoods, and the protection of key species and habitats.

WWF aims to drive transformational change in the shipping sector by influencing shipping companies, financial institutions, and policymakers to adopt sustainable practices. The strategy focuses on the mitigation hierarchy to address issues such as marine mammal strikes, noise disturbance, and air and water pollution. Specific regional priorities include the Arctic, where decreasing sea ice has increased shipping traffic, and the Eastern Pacific, where WWF promotes vessel traffic management measures like Blue Corridors to protect biodiversity and the Galapagos archipelago.

The report argues that the complexity of high seas fisheries makes single-tool solutions ineffective, necessitating a combination of State regulation and economic incentives. It outlines nine principles for creating these 'smart mixes,' emphasizing the need for compatible instruments, targeted interventions, and the empowerment of non-State 'surrogate regulators.' The document supports these principles with case studies, including the Parties to the Nauru Agreement's Vessel Day Scheme and various tuna fishery initiatives in the Caribbean and Southeast Asia.

The report examines the transition from command-and-control regulatory frameworks to incentive-compatible management (ICM) in highly migratory fisheries, focusing on tuna, billfish, and sharks. It analyzes the use of rights-based management (RBM)—such as individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and vessel day schemes—and market-based tools like Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certifications and Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs). Through case studies in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, the document argues that secure access rights and market incentives can rationalize fleets, reduce overfishing, and increase resource rents. It emphasizes a 'gradual' approach to implementation, the importance of stakeholder participation, and the need for enabling conditions such as robust monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS) to ensure the success of these interventions.

The report evaluates the application of rights-based, suasive, financial, and market-based instruments within the international legal framework for fisheries, specifically focusing on Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) and four key regional project areas.

The project seeks to extend the historical record of landfalling cyclones back to 1500, investigate lightning as a proxy for intensification, and utilize high-resolution ocean and atmospheric models (HWRF) to improve storm surge and track forecasts. Initial findings indicate that lightning distribution differs between westward-tracking cyclones and those that re-curve and make landfall, with the latter showing more lightning in outer bands. Preliminary HWRF simulations at 3-km resolution still exhibit significant errors in track, intensity, and landfall location.

The project investigates tropical cyclone dynamics in the Eastern Pacific, emphasizing the role of atmospheric circulations and external factors like warm dry air from the US in track prediction. Initial results include the creation of a historical database of cyclones hitting Mexican Pacific States and the training of over 100 students. The project concludes that regional-level climate studies and data collection must be expanded to accurately assess regional risks.

The document analyzes the failure of the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the Mexican Meteorological Service to accurately predict the path of Hurricane John in 2006, which led to flash-floods and five deaths in Baja California. Research by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) identifies a critical lack of upper air sounding data and divergences between numerical models as the primary causes for the forecast errors. The document argues for strengthened transnational collaboration and adherence to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards for weather balloon data collection to improve future tropical cyclone warnings.

The document analyzes the failure of official forecasts to accurately predict the path of Hurricane John in 2006, which led to unexpected landfall in Baja California, causing floods and five deaths. It identifies a critical deficiency in upper-atmosphere sounding data—specifically the lack of regular pilot balloon launches—as a primary cause for the forecast errors. The text advocates for strengthened transnational cooperation between the Mexican Meteorological Service and the US National Hurricane Center to meet World Meteorological Organization standards for daily air soundings to improve storm model outputs and save lives.