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This executive summary describes a project commissioned by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) to establish a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reference case and identify mitigation options for Pakistan. The project aimed to improve the evidence base for national climate planning, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), as the previous complete emissions inventory was nearly 20 years old at the time of the study. The analysis includes a baseline projection of emissions to 2030 and a sectoral evaluation of low-carbon development options across agriculture, forestry, energy, industry, transport, and waste.

This policy brief describes a national multi-hazard study funded by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) for the Government of El Salvador to assess disaster risks to strategic, economic, and social infrastructure.

This report develops a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reference case for Pakistan, projecting a rise in emissions from 365 Mt CO2e in 2012 to 768 Mt CO2e by 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario. The analysis identifies GDP growth as the primary driver of emissions, with potential increases linked to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). While the electricity sector is expected to integrate more wind and solar energy, overall demand will likely exceed supply. The report highlights significant data gaps in the waste and agriculture sectors and compares its findings with the NEEDS assessment, noting that autonomous energy efficiency improvements provide a modest reduction in projected emissions.

This working paper outlines Ethiopia's experience in planning for a climate-resilient green economy, drawing from a study on climate compatible development. It highlights the role of political leadership, national ownership, and the strategic use of international climate finance in implementing cross-sectoral climate goals.

This learning brief details a capacity development programme focused on water security and climate resilient development across eight African countries, highlighting the investment in learning materials and the resulting increase in initiatives to integrate climate change into national planning.

This report provides a primer for policy makers on the roles and responsibilities of local, national, and international governance in enabling cities to lead climate change mitigation and adaptation. It emphasizes the critical role of urban areas, which emit over 70% of global emissions, and outlines financial instruments and planning steps necessary for a low-carbon and climate-resilient urban transformation.

This briefing note presents a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reference case projection for Pakistan, developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN). The reference case establishes a business-as-usual (BAU) baseline of historical emissions from 2000 to 2012/13 and projects annual emissions to 2030 to assess the potential of future low-carbon development options.

This policy brief evaluates the capacity development component of the Water, Climate and Development Programme for Africa (WACDEP). Launched in 2011, the programme trained 170 people across eight countries to integrate water security and climate resilience into development planning. Key findings indicate that national ownership and localized programme management are critical for translating training into tangible outcomes, and that national trainers are preferable to international experts.

This report reviews the State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs) of five Indian states—Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, and Uttarakhand—to evaluate their effectiveness in disaster risk reduction, financing, vulnerability assessment, and alignment with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.

This policy brief analyzes the coherence of national development, conservation, and climate policies in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru using a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach. It identifies significant trade-offs between ambitious renewable energy and agricultural targets and the preservation of the Amazon biome's ecosystem services, which are critical for regional water, food, and energy security.

This report describes the 'Watershared' model of reciprocal watershed agreements, a grassroots approach to incentive-based conservation used in Latin America. Unlike national Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes, Watershared relies on local negotiations, social norms, and non-economic incentives to encourage upstream landowners to protect forests that ensure water security for downstream users.

This guide summarizes a comparative research project conducted by the Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (FARN) between 2013 and 2014. The study examines the political dynamics of climate-related decision-making in three Latin American mega-cities: Buenos Aires, São Paulo, and Mexico City, focusing on the gap between the adoption of climate policies and their actual implementation.

This report describes a project funded by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) and implemented by Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) to scale up climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Nepal. The project focused on three agro-ecological zones—the Terai, mid-hills, and high hills—to identify and pilot technologies that increase productivity, build resilience to climate variability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a specific emphasis on the needs of women and poor farmers.

This working paper documents Ethiopia's experience in planning for a climate-resilient green economy between 2013 and 2016. It details the governance structures, strategic frameworks, and financial mechanisms Ethiopia has implemented to integrate climate resilience into its national development plans, while identifying key barriers such as the need for further human capital development and regional capacity strengthening.

This toolkit provides guidance for the private sector in Bangladesh on how to access and engage with the Green Climate Fund (GCF), specifically through the Private Sector Facility (PSF). It outlines the accreditation process for becoming a National Implementing Entity (NIE), the role of executing entities, and the available readiness and capacity support.

This briefing discusses the use of innovative trade-flow modelling to increase transparency in agricultural supply chains in Amazonia. By linking production jurisdictions in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru to downstream actors, the authors argue that stakeholders can better identify deforestation risks and build coalitions to transition toward sustainable production landscapes.

This case study examines the challenges and opportunities for decentralized renewable energy development in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. It highlights the gap between the province's high renewable potential—specifically in mini-hydro—and its actual installed capacity, while analyzing the technical, policy, and institutional barriers facing Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and community-led projects.

This case study examines the 'Climate Change and Inland Flooding in Jamaica' project, highlighting the need to integrate climate change projections into flood hazard mapping. It emphasizes that high-quality geospatial data, combined with training for local government staff and improved cooperation between academia and government, is critical for reducing loss of life and property in flood-prone areas of Jamaica.

This case study examines the 'Future Proofing Cities' project in Madurai, India, which focuses on strengthening blue-green infrastructure to mitigate climate change impacts through multi-stakeholder engagement and the use of intermediary organisations.

A case study evaluating the use of a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) to implement renewable energy solutions in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan, highlighting potential carbon mitigation and cost savings for the industrial sector.