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The report argues that progress reporting is a critical tool for tracking National Adaptation Plan (NAP) implementation, especially for countries lacking full monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) systems. It highlights how reporting facilitates a 'learn-by-doing' approach, improves transparency, and supports Paris Agreement obligations. Despite these benefits, the report notes that few countries currently report on NAP progress due to resource and capacity constraints.

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is a strategic framework established in 2010 under the Cancun Adaptation Framework to help developing countries identify and address medium- and long-term climate adaptation priorities. It moves beyond ad hoc projects to embed adaptation into national development planning, budgeting, and decision-making. The process consists of three broad phases—planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)—supported by enabling factors such as financing and capacity development. It is distinct from National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), which focused on urgent short-term needs, and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), though it can operationalize the adaptation commitments within NDCs. The document emphasizes that a NAP is both a process and a document, and that effective processes must be country-driven, gender-responsive, and inclusive of the private sector and sub-national actors.

The National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process is a strategic framework established in 2010 under the Cancun Adaptation Framework to help countries identify and address medium- and long-term climate adaptation priorities. Unlike the earlier National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) which focused on immediate needs, the NAP process aims to embed adaptation into standard development planning, budgeting, and decision-making. The process consists of three broad phases: planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E). It is designed to be country-driven, gender-responsive, and multi-sectoral, ensuring that adaptation is not treated as a separate environmental issue but as an integral part of national development. The document highlights the NAP process's central role in meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, specifically Article 7 paragraph 9, and its synergy with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Since 2013, Benin has implemented a nationally led NAP process to integrate climate change adaptation into national, local, and sectoral development planning. Key milestones include the 2013 launch workshop, capacity building in 2017, and the 2019 commencement of the NAP document elaboration. The process identifies priority adaptation sectors including agriculture, health, energy, and coastlines, addressing impacts such as floods, droughts, and sea level rise.

The document argues that implementing the Paris Agreement requires a "transformative change in international capacity building," particularly in low- and middle-income countries where resources are constrained. It describes CDKN's shift toward a more intentional, context-specific approach to capability development, which began as an organisational enquiry in 2016 to identify and support specific capabilities within country systems rather than allowing capacity to develop by chance.

The report introduces the Climate-resilient Development Framework, which provides a systematic five-stage process for development and adaptation practitioners to incorporate climate stressors into their planning. By complementing conventional development processes, the framework helps decision-makers identify and implement actions that reduce climate vulnerabilities and protect development outcomes.

The document describes a spectrum of strategies for sectoral integration of climate adaptation, ranging from sector-driven initiatives to national-led coordination. It emphasizes that while paths vary—such as the national-led approach in the Philippines or the sector-driven approach in Grenada—the goal is to improve coherence between adaptation and development planning to avoid duplicating efforts.

The report examines the intersection of climate variability and development in Ethiopia, specifically focusing on how farmers and pastoralists are affected by drought and floods. It draws on research conducted by Haramaya University and government officials in the Oromiya, Afar, and Amhara Regional States to argue that climate adaptation efforts must be aligned with broader development plans to be effective.

The 'A Green Guide (GG)' project seeks to provide accessible strategic thinking and communication tools to help generalists understand the practical links between climate change and development. It frames the green economy and climate change as opportunities for inclusive development, aiming to 'climate-proof' national policies and mainstream climate compatible development (CCD) to benefit the poor.

The document highlights the disconnect between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction policies in India, noting that a lack of coordination among ministries renders these policies inefficient on the ground. Research conducted by the Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS) in the arid regions of Barmer and Leh indicates that while climate change is increasing the frequency and scale of disasters, local knowledge and multi-stakeholder platforms are essential for creating effective, converged risk reduction strategies.

The paper introduces the Climate Resilience Mainstreaming Building Block (CRMBB) framework, which guides government planners in integrating climate resilience into policy objectives, spatial scales, and temporal planning cycles. It identifies three primary policy responses: climate-proofing, climate-first, and development-first. The CRMBB framework consists of three building blocks: an enabling environment (political will and information services), policy and planning (policy frameworks, institutional arrangements, and financial frameworks), and projects and programmes. Case studies from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Kenya, The Gambia, and Rwanda demonstrate a trend toward country-led, programmatic approaches over externally driven, project-based initiatives.

The report examines Bangladesh's efforts to mainstream climate change adaptation and mitigation into its national planning through a 'building blocks' framework consisting of an enabling environment, policies and planning, and projects and programmes. While the country demonstrates strong political will and has established various funding mechanisms like the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund, it faces significant challenges due to an information gap regarding specific climate impacts and a lack of coordination between sectoral data systems.

The report evaluates Cambodia's efforts to mainstream climate resilience into development planning. It highlights strong political will, evidenced by the establishment of the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) and the development of the Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan (CCCSP). However, it identifies significant gaps in information services, noting that hydrometeorological networks are fragmented and vulnerability assessments often produce contradictory results. Financially, climate-related expenditure is heavily dependent on external sources, with 86% of funding coming from outside the country between 2009 and 2011. While numerous projects have been implemented under the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), the report notes a recent shift toward programme-based approaches and community-level interventions.

The report evaluates the Gambia's efforts to mainstream climate change resilience into its development planning. It highlights the existence of high-level political will, the integration of climate actions into the Programme for Accelerated Growth and Employment (PAGE) 2012–2015, and the role of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA). However, it notes gaps in coordinated research and inadequate funding for adaptation, necessitating a resource mobilisation strategy reliant on international assistance.

The report examines Kenya's efforts to mainstream climate change resilience into its development planning, highlighting the role of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) and the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP). It details the institutional arrangements, such as the National Climate Change Council, and the use of the 'Threshold 21' model to forecast climate impacts on sectors like agriculture and energy. While political will is evident, the report notes a heavy reliance on unpredictable external donor funding and a need for a stronger legislative backbone to support policy frameworks.

The document details CDKN's support for the Government of Bangladesh in mainstreaming climate resilience through a three-block framework (enabling environment, policies/planning, and projects/programmes) and developing evidence-based policies on loss and damage and climate-induced migration. It highlights specific impacts in Sathkira District, where salinity intrusion caused total rice crop failure in 2009, and notes the existence of national funding mechanisms like the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund.

The document argues that 'mainstreaming' adaptation—integrating it into existing policies and plans—is the most effective way to scale up resilience in the Asia and Pacific region. It describes mainstreaming as an iterative, multi-year process that must occur across national, sectoral, and sub-national levels to avoid policy conflicts and ensure efficient resource use. Key entry points identified include poverty reduction strategy papers, national development plans, and sectoral strategies for water and disaster risk reduction. The brief emphasizes that successful integration requires extensive stakeholder engagement, including vulnerable populations, and the translation of climate data into scaled-down, usable information for local planners.

The document serves as an independent guide to support the Indonesian government and local stakeholders in creating the National Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (RAN-API) in 2012. It aims to fill a gap in the existing policy framework by providing a wider strategy for responding to climate change risks and vulnerabilities, complementing the National Action Plan Addressing Climate Change (RAN-PI) and a draft strategy for mainstreaming climate change into development planning.

The handbook examines climate change impacts in southern Africa, noting that surface temperatures are projected to rise throughout the 21st century. It argues that some global temperature increases are linked to human influence and recommends integrating climate risk and adaptation measures into development planning, creating new coordination mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, and establishing inclusive institutional frameworks for stakeholder participation.

The report examines the 'mainstreaming' of climate change adaptation into development planning to increase efficiency and avoid policy conflicts. It analyzes three guiding frameworks (Huq and Ayers, UNDP-UNEP, and OECD) and evaluates entry points across different governance levels. The analysis highlights challenges in the Asia-Pacific region, such as the disconnect between disaster management and climate policy, and suggests strategies including the use of a 'climate lens' for screening projects and the adoption of 'no-regrets' strategies.