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This RMI briefing outlines the roles of key countries and regions—China, Brazil, India, Southeast Asia, and the United States—in the global energy transition as they approach COP30 in Belém, Brazil. It highlights the shift from high-level commitments to tangible actions, such as large-scale renewable deployment, the development of low-carbon shipping hubs, and subnational leadership in the US.

This policy brief by the African Future Policies Hub analyzes the implications of the July 2025 International Court of Justice (ICJ) Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change. The document argues that the ruling provides a legal and moral foundation to demand scaled-up climate finance, emphasizing the principles of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) and the necessity of reparations. It specifically links the ruling to the Baku to Belém (B2B) Roadmap and the financing of the third generation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) leading up to COP30.

The Taxonomy Roadmap Initiative Progress Report (November 2025) details the global expansion of sustainable finance taxonomies, noting that over 60 are currently in use or development. While high-level interoperability is increasing—with 64% using ISIC-based sector structures and 100% of published taxonomies covering climate mitigation—granular alignment remains difficult. The report highlights that implementation is still in early stages in emerging markets and announces the launch of new tools at COP30, including the Sustainable Finance Taxonomy Mapper and Principles for Taxonomy Interoperability, to catalyze cross-border capital flows.

This executive summary introduces the 'Principles for Taxonomy Interoperability,' a contribution to COP30 developed by the Roadmap for Advancing Interoperability and Comparability of Sustainable Finance Taxonomies initiative. The document outlines seven principles designed to help policy designers and developers create sustainable finance taxonomies that are interoperable, usable, and credible, thereby facilitating the international flow of capital between developed and emerging markets.

This executive summary introduces the 'Principles for Taxonomy Interoperability,' a contribution to COP30 developed under the 'Roadmap for Advancing Interoperability and Comparability of Sustainable Finance Taxonomies.' The document provides seven guiding principles for policymakers and taxonomy developers to ensure that sustainable finance classifications are comparable across different jurisdictions, facilitating the cross-border flow of capital between developed and emerging markets.

This guide presents the 'Principles for Taxonomy Interoperability,' developed under the 'Roadmap for Promoting Interoperability and Comparability of Sustainable Finance Taxonomies' initiative. Launched at COP29 in 2024 by the Central Bank of Azerbaijan (CBAR), the initiative seeks to establish a unified taxonomy and technical guidelines for transition activities to facilitate cross-border capital flows by ensuring different sustainable finance taxonomies can be compared based on common principles or scientific baselines.

The 'Principles for Taxonomy Interoperability' report, published by the Climate Bonds Initiative in November 2025, provides a framework for sustainable finance taxonomy developers and policymakers to ensure that national and regional taxonomies are comparable and interoperable. Launched under the Taxonomy Roadmap Initiative at COP29, the document outlines seven high-level principles designed to reduce barriers to cross-border capital flows by establishing common design features, terminology, and implementation strategies while respecting jurisdictional priorities.

The 'Princípios de Interoperabilidade Taxonômica' report, published by the Climate Bonds Initiative in November 2025, provides a high-level framework to help sustainable finance taxonomy developers and policymakers increase the comparability and cross-border flow of capital. It introduces seven principles designed to align national and regional taxonomies through common languages, scientific baselines, and collaborative international efforts, supporting the broader 'Taxonomy Roadmap Initiative' launched at COP29.

The 'Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025: EMDE Spotlight' fact sheet analyzes climate finance flows to emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). It reports that while total climate finance to these 157 countries surpassed USD 1 trillion in 2023, there remains a significant gap compared to the estimated USD 4 trillion required annually by 2030. The document highlights the dominance of China in overall flows, the growth of domestic private financing in emerging markets, and the persistent underfunding of adaptation and hard-to-abate sectors.

The IDFC Green Finance Mapping Report 2025 analyzes the 2024 green finance commitments of 23 member national and regional development banks. While total green finance decreased by 13% to $173 billion, the majority of members increased their individual commitments. The report highlights a continued dominance of mitigation finance, a rebound in adaptation finance, and a growing but still limited focus on biodiversity and other environmental objectives.

This executive summary by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes 30 international financial mechanisms designed to support tropical forests, focusing on conservation, restoration, and the reduction of deforestation. The report identifies a significant funding gap, noting that while current mechanisms mobilize US$ 25.9 billion, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates a need for US$ 66.8 billion annually until 2030 to realize full forest potential.

The report identifies 30 international financial mechanisms mobilizing US$ 25.9 billion for tropical forests, though this remains far below the US$ 66.8 billion annual requirement estimated by UNEP. Financing is concentrated in conservation and is heavily skewed toward a few countries like Brazil and Guyana. While REDD+ mechanisms provide over half of the identified funding, there is a significant gap in the actual disbursement of planned funds, particularly from private and blended sources.

The report identifies 30 international financial mechanisms mobilizing US$ 25.9 billion for tropical forests, though this is far below the US$ 66.8 billion annual need estimated by UNEP for 2030. While Brazil and Guyana have high access to these funds, many high-potential countries remain underserved. Financing is dominated by credit, grants, and results-based payments (especially JREDD+), with a strong current focus on conservation over restoration and deforestation reduction.

This report provides a comparative analysis of global electricity tariff-setting methodologies, focusing on the process of determining revenue requirements and conducting Cost of Supply (CoS) studies. It examines various regulatory models—including rate-of-return, incentive-based, performance-based, and market-based pricing—and evaluates their effectiveness in balancing financial sustainability for utilities with affordability for consumers. The document concludes with specific recommendations for South Africa to modernize its tariff structures and revenue determination processes as it transitions toward a wholesale electricity market.

This report by Zero Carbon Analytics examines the systemic lack of transparency and consistency in reporting oil-related accidents across the Americas. It highlights that while Brazil, Canada, and the United States are the only countries with regularly updated open databases, these records still contain significant gaps regarding ecological damage, human casualties, and responsible parties. The document emphasizes that this data scarcity obscures the true gravity of industrial risks, particularly in ecologically sensitive regions like the Amazon.

This briefing from the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) provides a financial update for the period of July to October 2025, detailing party contributions and operational expenditures for the 2025-2026 fiscal year.

A joint letter from various Canadian health, environmental, and academic organizations urging the Canadian government to sign the Global Initiative on Information Integrity on Climate Change to combat climate disinformation.

This report by Ember, developed for the Global Offshore Wind Alliance (GOWA), provides a comprehensive analysis of global offshore wind targets across national, subnational, and regional levels. It examines current ambitions, deployment projections for 2030, and the potential for expansion in countries without existing targets, while highlighting the gap between political ambitions and projected delivery.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative and PUC-RIO analyzes the potential for carbon sequestration and economic growth in the Brazilian Amazon through forest restoration. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM) as a jurisdictional, results-based payment system to complement existing conservation funds, estimating that natural regeneration could capture up to 26 GtCO2 and mobilize significant international finance.

The report examines how the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is incentivising exporting countries to establish domestic carbon pricing systems to retain revenues and reduce trade costs.