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This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the status of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and the role of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs). It details the two primary cooperation avenues (Article 6.2 and 6.4), the challenges of establishing a rulebook—including debates over additionality and double counting—and provides examples of pilot projects and national strategies, particularly focusing on Canada's preparations.

This case study examines how updated, lower cost projections for renewable energy and battery storage could allow Canada to increase the ambition of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emissions target.

This briefing by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) argues that integrating climate-related risk assessments into the planning of energy infrastructure is essential for safeguarding Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) implementation. It details how physical climate stressors threaten various energy generation sources and provides a framework for building resilience through robustness, resourcefulness, and recovery, while emphasizing that such measures are critical for project bankability and attracting private investment.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) submitted comments to the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) on June 15, 2018, regarding the operationalisation of the post-2020 mitigation system. The CER advocates for greater transparency in greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting, opposes the use of historical emissions for carbon budgeting, and argues against the inclusion of new coal-fired power stations in national energy plans.

This research paper examines the implications of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement for 'originating Parties'—countries that transfer mitigation outcomes to others—focusing on how to leverage voluntary cooperation to raise climate ambition while implementing safeguards against potential disincentives.

This report details a project aimed at increasing energy efficiency among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Peru. It identifies systemic barriers to energy efficiency, presents findings from a pilot study of 12 SMEs in Lima, and provides recommendations for government and private sector interventions to catalyze energy savings and support Peru's climate goals.

This report, produced by the Global Canopy Programme and WCS Indonesia Program, evaluates the policy coherence and trade-offs within Indonesia's development agenda regarding water, energy, and food (WEF) security. Using a WEF nexus framework, the study identifies how competing demands for land and water resources can undermine climate mitigation targets and ecosystem services. It highlights gaps in cross-sectoral and multi-scale coordination, particularly between national goals and local government priorities, and recommends improving geospatial data through the One Map Initiative and utilizing Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) to better manage resource trade-offs.

This guide, published by the Centre for Environmental Rights (CER), provides a toolkit and instructions for the public to submit written comments on South Africa's Climate Change Bill. It outlines the law-making process, explains the role of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and identifies specific weaknesses in the Bill regarding transparency, timeframes, emission targets, and enforcement.

An official statement from Mexico's Directorate-General for Climate Action Policies confirming the country's support for the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Common Position on Climate Change and Health for COP30, detailing how health is integrated into Mexico's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 3.0.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative provides comparative scorecards for several countries, evaluating the progress between their previous Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and their new versions (often NDC 2.0 or 3.0). The analysis focuses on key criteria: needs scope and granularity, timeframe, conditionality, implementation readiness, private sector mobilization strategies, and alignment with national and sectoral plans.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) and Amazônia 2030 analyzes the potential for carbon capture through forest restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM), a jurisdictional payment system for net carbon removals, as a way to generate significant economic revenue and help Brazil meet its climate goals (NDC). The report argues that combining the RDM with other financial mechanisms like JREDD+ and the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF) can create a comprehensive financial architecture to protect standing forests and restore degraded lands.

This report by Climate Policy Initiative/PUC-RIO and Amazon 2030 analyzes the potential for carbon sequestration through forest restoration in the Brazilian Amazon. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM), a jurisdictional results-based payment system, as a way to mobilize significant investment and align land use with climate goals. The report compares the RDM with other financial mechanisms like JREDD+ and the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF), arguing that a complementary approach to conservation, avoided deforestation, and restoration is essential for Brazil to meet its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).

This scoping study, prepared by Enviro Consulting International for FSD Africa, analyzes the supply and demand for green finance targeting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Morocco. It identifies a significant gap between the ambitious climate targets set in Morocco's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and the available financial instruments, which are currently concentrated in the industrial and agricultural sectors and primarily focused on energy efficiency and renewable energy. The report recommends strengthening the regulatory and tax frameworks, improving SME governance, and designing new instruments such as a credit guarantee facility or a dedicated green equity fund to catalyze the transition to a green economy.

This case study examines South Africa's heavy reliance on coal and the resulting fiscal implications for its energy transition. It details the role of state-owned enterprises, the structure of fossil fuel revenues and subsidies, and the government's climate commitments via its Nationally Determined Contribution.

This research paper by the South African Institute of International Affairs examines the intersection of Tanzania's post-COVID-19 recovery strategies and its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). It argues that the COVID-19 response provides a critical window to integrate climate resilience into macroeconomic policy, particularly through 'green recovery' paths in agriculture, health, tourism, and water sectors. The paper highlights significant financing gaps, noting that the NDC requires $14.2 billion, with a heavy reliance on international development partners, and suggests innovative financing and public-private partnerships to bridge these gaps.

Senegal's progress toward its NDC commitments is hindered by a severe lack of international climate finance, the absence of a national monitoring (MRV) system, and a strategic shift toward oil and gas exploitation that threatens its low-carbon goals. While the country has successfully implemented large-scale wind and solar projects and is developing green transport (BRT and TER), these are overshadowed by the $10 billion investment in hydrocarbons. The COVID-19 pandemic further delayed key projects and diverted budgetary resources toward immediate socioeconomic resilience.

Pakistan's third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) outlines a strategy to reduce projected greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2035 and enhance climate resilience. The plan balances an unconditional 17% emission reduction through domestic resources with a conditional 33% reduction dependent on USD 565.7 billion in international climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. The document emphasizes a 'whole-of-nation' approach, integrating climate action into national development frameworks like 'URAAN Pakistan' (2024-2029) to address acute vulnerabilities, including glacial melt and devastating floods.

This report by Transforma details the energy modeling used to define Colombia's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets for 2030, 2035, and 2050. Using the Energy Scope open-source tool, the analysis projects a transition from fossil fuels toward a diversified renewable energy matrix, emphasizing solar and wind power to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.

This research paper serves as a methodological supplement to the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) Non-State and Subnational Action (NSA) Guide. It explores the assumptions and decision points involved in estimating the collective ex-ante greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions impact of mitigation actions taken by cities, businesses, and states, with a focus on enhancing transparency and comparability of results.

This expert note from the World Resources Institute outlines a framework for aligning Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) enhancements with COVID-19 economic recovery, specifically focusing on the transportation sector to drive inclusive growth and meet climate targets.