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The document outlines a 'Decalogue of Ambition' for NDCs, emphasizing the need for science-based emission reductions, sector-specific targets, and a transition away from fossil fuels. It details requirements for mitigation, including a 43% global reduction by 2030, and adaptation, focusing on climate resilience in agriculture, health, and infrastructure. The guide also stresses the importance of just transition, gender equality, and the mobilization of finance from developed to developing nations.

The Net Zero Stocktake 2024 finds that while net zero target-setting is increasing among companies, cities, and subnational governments, very few (5% or less) meet all minimum integrity criteria. The report highlights a significant rise in target-setting by Asian companies and notes that while national targets often act as an ambition 'ceiling', some subnational governments in countries like Australia, Germany, and India have set more ambitious targets than their national governments.

This policy brief argues that the current reliance on a single 100-year metric for greenhouse gas emissions obscures the distinct warming impacts of methane and carbon dioxide. The author advocates for a "multi-basket" approach with separate targets and dual metrics to address both short-term and long-term climate risks, asserting that simultaneous mitigation of both pollutants is essential to meet global temperature targets and reduce climate overshoot.

The MAP-Fire project investigates the increasing risk of wildfires in the Amazon, particularly in the transborder region of Madre de Dios (Peru), Acre (Brazil), and Pando (Bolivia). It aims to quantify fire impacts, identify bottlenecks in monitoring strategies, increase population risk awareness, and influence conservation policies to support Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Findings indicate that 2019 fires in Acre burned 1,802 km2—an 80% increase over 2018—leading to 21 days where air pollution exceeded WHO limits. The project also highlights that standard wildfire contingency plans are ineffective during extreme droughts, which increase forest vulnerability and affected areas.

The MAP-Fire project (2019–2022) focused on the 'MAP' region (Madre de Dios in Peru, Acre in Brazil, and Pando in Bolivia) to address the increasing risk of forest fires driven by climate change and land-use changes. Key achievements include the development of a real-time fire monitoring platform, the quantification of significant economic losses in Acre, Brazil, and the identification of air quality crises linked to fire events. The project also integrated fire risk education into public schools and provided technical reports to governments to support National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

The report highlights the critical role of methane mitigation in Nigeria's oil and gas sector, noting that methane has over 80 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide over 20 years. It details Nigeria's commitment to the Global Methane Pledge and its specific target to reduce oil and gas methane emissions by 61% in its updated NDC. The document identifies key tools like the Nigerian Gas Flare Tracker and the prototype Satellite-based Methane Emission Tracker as essential for measurement and verification. However, it warns that inadequate curbing of gas flaring and new EU regulations on fossil fuel imports by 2030 pose significant risks to Nigeria's LNG exports and economic stability. The authors advocate for enhanced leak detection and repair (LDAR) technologies, robust regulatory enforcement, and international collaboration to meet the national goal of ending gas flaring by 2030.

The Net Zero Stocktake 2024 reveals a consolidation of net zero targets across countries, cities, and companies, but highlights a critical gap in integrity. While national targets now cover 87% of global GHG emissions, fewer than 5% of non-state entities meet all minimum procedural and substantive integrity criteria. The report emphasizes that national targets often act as a 'ceiling' for subnational ambition, though some regions in countries like Australia and Japan have historically pushed national goals forward. It also notes that members of the Race to Zero campaign generally outperform non-members on integrity measures, although absolute performance remains low.

An evaluation of the ABC Recuperação credit line in the Cerrado biome finds that the program has had modest effects on pasture recovery and marginal impacts on land use. The analysis reveals that credit provision did not significantly improve pasture quality, and some areas were converted from native vegetation to agricultural use before credit was obtained. However, the use of technical assistance was linked to a significant reduction in degraded pasture area. The report recommends strengthening monitoring, improving pre-credit evaluations to prevent funding recently deforested areas, and combining credit with technical assistance and risk mitigation tools.

The report evaluates Rwanda's progress on climate adaptation indicators for human settlements and transport. Key findings include an increase in rural households in planned settlements to 65.4% and the implementation of stormwater-inclusive master plans in 16 districts. However, urban informal settlements remain at 61.3%, and urban green space (19.89%) falls short of the 30% target. The transport sector has developed comprehensive resilience guidelines and expanded scheduled bus routes to 14,475 km, though road vulnerability assessments show significant risks in the Western, Northern, and Southern Provinces.

The report evaluates three primary climate adaptation indicators in Rwanda: the proportion of rural populations in clustered settlements, access to water and sanitation services, and the reduction of road vulnerability to floods and landslides. It finds that while planned rural settlements have increased to 65.4% and water access has improved, significant gaps remain in sanitation coverage and road resilience. The document highlights the effectiveness of engineering solutions like gabions and terracing for road stability and the social benefits of Integrated Development Programme (IDP) model villages, while recommending increased investment in climate-resilient infrastructure and better inter-sectoral coordination.

The document uses EnergyScope modeling to evaluate how four Latin American countries can align with COP 28 global energy targets. It concludes that a literal tripling of capacity is not necessary for all countries to meet projected demand and that combining renewable expansion with doubled energy efficiency can reduce the required installed capacity.

The report analyzes four Latin American countries, finding that while a literal tripling of renewable capacity is unfeasible or unnecessary for Brazil, Chile, and Colombia due to their existing high renewable shares, it could meet Argentina's demand but remains practically unattainable. It proposes 'sustainable progression' scenarios that balance demand with renewable growth and energy efficiency, highlighting the roles of solar, wind, and bioenergy in reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

The Union of Concerned Scientists interviewed 19 legal experts to identify critical research gaps in climate litigation. The report categorizes these into three priority areas—attribution science, human health, and economic modeling—and five strategic areas, including greenwashing and emissions accounting. A central cross-cutting theme is the need for research on losses and damages. The authors emphasize that while IPCC reports provide a foundation, litigation requires more granular, geographically specific data and better communication between scientists and legal teams to overcome barriers such as differing timelines and data gaps in the Global South.

The We Mean Business Coalition argues that for NDCs to be 'investible', they must move beyond ambitious targets to include concrete implementation policies. The document proposes a three-pillar approach: setting ambitious economy-wide and sector-specific targets, developing consistent national and international policy frameworks, and establishing transparent dialogue between governments and businesses. It highlights that while renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption are accelerating, sectors like heavy industry and aviation require more targeted government intervention to overcome investment barriers. The report provides illustrative examples of successful policy-driven investments in India, Brazil, Sweden, the EU, and the US.

The We Mean Business Coalition urges governments to align NDCs with a 1.5°C pathway and the Global Stocktake outcomes to provide the policy stability necessary for business investment. The call to action focuses on three pillars: setting ambitious economy-wide and sector-specific targets, developing consistent national and sectoral policy frameworks, and establishing inclusive dialogues with the private sector to co-create implementation solutions.

Ember recommends that Indonesia's Second NDC include strengthened commitments to address coal mine methane (CMM) emissions, specifically through improved estimation, reporting, and mitigation across surface and underground mines, while limiting coal expansion to support a just transition.

Ember recommends that Indonesia update its coal mine methane (CMM) emission calculations using IPCC 'average' global emission factors, as current estimates based on 'low emission factors' likely undercount emissions. The brief argues for the inclusion of underground mining data, the development of region-specific emission factors for Sumatra and Kalimantan, and the mandate of direct measurement in underground mines to improve safety and accuracy. It further suggests integrating GHG reporting into business licensing and implementing mitigation techniques like pre-mine drainage and Ventilation Air Methane (VAM) capture. Finally, it advises limiting coal expansion to avoid stranded assets and preparing a just transition for coal-producing regions through renewable energy and critical mineral industries.

Brazil is positioned as a potential global leader in green steel due to high-quality iron ore and vast renewable energy resources, though its industry remains heavily reliant on coal-based blast furnaces. While the country leads in biochar use, a full transition requires shifting to electric arc furnaces (EAF) and green hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). The report emphasizes that strategic policy and the upcoming COP30 summit are critical to overcoming the longevity of existing coal-based infrastructure and the high capital costs of new technologies.

China has significantly reduced coal power plant approvals in early 2024 as massive additions of wind and solar power meet incremental electricity demand. While construction of previously permitted projects remains high, the shift toward clean energy is driving a decline in coal power generation and signaling a potential peak in CO2 emissions before 2030.

The Government of Tonga developed its long-term strategy for a low-emission and resilient future using a consensus-based stakeholder engagement process supported by Relative Creative, Climateworks, and the Global Green Growth Institute. Due to limited emissions data, the process relied on qualitative 'divergent' and 'convergent' thinking workshops conducted primarily in Tongan with local facilitators. This cross-sectoral approach, involving government, industry, and civil society, is now regarded by the Tongan government as a 'gold standard' for future policy development.