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This case study examines a World Food Program (WFP) initiative in Mozambique that provided unconditional cash transfers and food vouchers to vulnerable households following severe droughts and cyclones. The program, funded by DFID and implemented with government partners, reached over 24,000 households to improve food security and climate resilience.

This case study describes the African Risk Capacity (ARC), a sovereign risk pool and early response mechanism that provides drought insurance to African Union member states to protect food security for vulnerable populations.

This case study describes a World Bank-supported model in Cambodia using performance-based contracts to increase private sector engagement in climate-resilient road rehabilitation, and evaluates the potential for scaling this Public-Private Partnership (PPP) structure within African markets.

The Restoration Insurance Service Company (RISCO) is a social enterprise designed to fund mangrove conservation and restoration by monetizing the adaptation and mitigation values of these ecosystems. It generates revenue through annual fees from insurance companies for flood reduction benefits and the sale of blue carbon credits.

This case study describes TCX, a currency hedging solution designed to reduce currency and interest risk for energy and climate investments in developing countries by enabling long-term finance in local currencies.

This case study describes the Cooling as a Service (CaaS) model, a pay-per-service approach designed to deploy energy-efficient cooling technologies by removing upfront investment costs for customers and incentivizing providers to maintain high efficiency.

The Agriculture and Climate Risk Enterprise (ACRE) is a mobile-enabled index insurance program in Africa that links smallholder farmers to insurance through the purchase of agricultural inputs. The program utilizes solar-powered weather stations and mobile money platforms to trigger immediate compensation for yield losses caused by drought, excess rain, and storms.

A case study on Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), a large-scale social protection initiative designed to address food insecurity and climate vulnerability through cash and food transfers.

This case study describes the 2017 debt for climate (DFC) swap in the Seychelles, the first of its kind focused on ocean protection, and outlines the general structural requirements and criteria for implementing similar DFC instruments in other middle-income countries.

This briefing examines the political and economic drivers of coal-fired power investment in 18 high-impact countries (HICs) with significant electricity access gaps, noting that international public finance dominates coal investment while domestic private finance leads in renewables.

This fact sheet by the Climate Policy Initiative examines the role and risksS risks of commercial financial institutions in Africa, highlighting a significant exposure to climate risks andS and the potential for these institutions to mainstream resilience in their lending portfolios.

The UBS Optimus Foundation Social Success Note (SSN) is a 5-year financial instrument designed to provide schools in Uganda, Nigeria, and Kenya with access to clean water by leveraging private capital and concessional funding.

CRAFT, managed by the Lightsmith Group, is a commercial growth equity fund targeting SMEs with proven climate adaptation and resilience technologies in developed and developing countries, including Africa. Having reached its first close in 2019 with backers like the Rockefeller Foundation, KfW, and EIB, the fund targets high-vulnerability, low-risk countries and seeks capital from institutional investors and development finance institutions.

This case study details the financing and implementation of the Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant project in Egypt, highlighting the roles of development finance institutions (DFIs) and the national government in funding climate adaptation infrastructure.

This case study describes a USD 2.25 million credit guarantee scheme (CGS) established by the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) and the Rabobank Foundation to increase commercial loan access for smallholder coffee farmers and cooperatives in Ethiopia.

The R4 Rural Resilience Initiative, launched in 2011 by the World Food Program and Oxfam America, integrates risk reduction, transfer, taking, and reserves to improve food and income security for farmers facing climate risks.

The Komaza Smallholder Forestry Vehicle (SFV) is a financial instrument designed to provide low-cost, long-term finance to smallholder farmers and forestry companies in Kenya by packaging tree production partnership contracts for institutional investors.

This research paper examines solar mini-grid projects in northern Kenya to analyze their impact on local communities. The authors utilize a combination of the 4Es framework and "mechanisms of social change" (MOSC) language to map causal pathways and understand how the design and implementation of adaptation projects can lead to both positive and negative socio-economic and ecological outcomes.

A report by the Center for International Environmental Law, Above Ground, and the Global Law Alliance for Animals and the Environment requesting that the TSX Venture Exchange investigate Reconnaissance Energy Africa Ltd. (ReconAfrica) for potential unreported material changes or misrepresentations. The authors allege that ReconAfrica shifted its public narrative from targeting unconventional shale resources to conventional oil and gas after the Namibian government clarified that the company lacked a license for unconventional resource development, while continuing to rely on unconventional resource estimates and expertise.

This briefing note from the International Institute for Sustainable Development discusses the importance of vertical integration in National Adaptation Plan (NAP) processes to ensure that national climate strategies align with local realities and needs.