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The study finds that while most G20 members are implementing climate policies, only six are projected to meet their unconditional NDC targets with current measures, while eight require further action.

The report finds that 16 of the 25 analyzed major emitting countries and regions are not on track to meet their self-determined NDC targets. While some countries like China and India are likely to achieve their targets, others, including the United States and Japan, require additional measures. Furthermore, current policies are projected to fail in preventing emissions increases up to 2030 relative to 2010 levels in a majority of the analyzed nations, including both developing and OECD economies.

The document consists of a series of data tables (Appendix F) detailing the financial and environmental impacts of transportation decarbonization across several US states. It tracks costs such as incremental vehicle costs and charging infrastructure against benefits like gasoline and diesel fuel savings, as well as monetized greenhouse gas (GHG), NOx, and PM2.5 reductions. The data is split between 'MID' and 'HIGH' scenarios for each state, projecting outcomes through 2050.

The Drakenstein Municipality faces significant water constraints due to urban growth and climate change, with urban water requirements projected to grow by 129% by 2040. Agriculture, particularly grapes which consume 80% of irrigated water, is a major driver of demand. By 2040, the estimated water deficit could cost the local economy approximately R10.5 billion per annum and 57,218 jobs.

The document reports that in 2014, 80% of people without electricity lived in 20 high-impact countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, primarily in rural areas. It warns that progress in Sub-Saharan Africa is not keeping pace with population growth, with projections suggesting 80% of the 780 million people still without power in 2030 will be in that region. Achieving universal tier 5 energy access by 2030 would require increasing annual finance five-fold to approximately $50 billion.

The document establishes a business-as-usual (BAU) GHG emission reference case for Pakistan, projecting emissions from 2000 to 2030. It identifies agriculture as the largest emission source and analyzes how variations in GDP growth and autonomous energy efficiency improvements (AEEI) impact future emission levels. The reference case assumes an average annual GDP growth rate of 6% between 2015 and 2030.

The document projects that sea levels at NSB Kings Bay will rise between 3.7 and 6.1 feet by the end of the century, leading to more frequent tidal flooding and severe storm surge. Under a highest-scenario Category 4 storm in 2100, nearly 95 percent of the base could be flooded, with over half of that area under 20 feet of water. The author argues that there is a large gap in military preparedness and calls for Congress and the Department of Defense to provide high-resolution modeling, funding for tide gauge networks, and resources for detailed mapping and adaptive planning.

The report analyzes GHG emission trajectories for Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, and the United States up to 2030. It evaluates the effectiveness of current and planned policies alongside enhanced mitigation actions aligned with national priorities to estimate the potential reduction in the emissions gap relative to a 2°C target for 2025 and 2030.

An analysis of 52 tide gauges along the US East and Gulf Coasts indicates a steep increase in tidal flooding events over the next 30 years. By 2030, over half of the studied communities are projected to experience at least 24 tidal floods annually. By 2045, one-third of these locations could face flooding more than 180 times per year, with some areas in the mid-Atlantic potentially inundated more than 10 percent of the time. The report argues that while local flood-proofing and federal resilience investments are necessary, the only long-term solution to slow sea level rise is the swift reduction of global warming pollution.

The analysis warns that sea level rise will cause tidal flooding to become chronic and widespread across the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts by 2045. Many communities will see a tripling or more of annual flood events, with some locations facing over 180 floods per year. The report emphasizes the need for urgent local and national adaptation strategies, including infrastructure upgrades and emissions reductions, to manage the inevitable disruptions to daily life and infrastructure.

The report warns that tidal flooding will become chronic and disruptive for many US coastal communities by 2030 and 2045, necessitating urgent local adaptation and national carbon emission reductions.

The report analyzes 52 tide gauges from Maine to Texas, projecting that by 2045, many U.S. East and Gulf Coast communities will face a ten-fold increase in tidal flooding. It argues that such flooding will disrupt daily life, damage infrastructure, and necessitate a coordinated national response combining local adaptation—such as elevating roads and restoring wetlands—with global carbon emission reductions.

The report analyzes 59 tide gauges along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts to project the impact of sea level rise on tidal flooding. Using an Intermediate-High scenario from the National Climate Assessment, the analysis finds that at least 40 locations will see a doubling of coastal flooding events by 2030, with the majority experiencing a 10-fold increase by 2045. Additionally, nearly half of the evaluated locations are projected to experience moderate coastal floods by 2045 from tides that currently only cause minor flooding.

The analysis evaluates the effectiveness of national mitigation policies across major emitting economies relative to their 2020 pledges. It finds that while India, China, and Russia are projected to exceed their targets, others like Canada and the USA likely require additional policies to fully deliver their pledges. The report also notes a widespread adoption of renewable energy targets and car efficiency standards among these nations.

The document highlights the economic and environmental advantages of electric vehicles (EVs) over gasoline-powered cars, noting that fuel savings can offset higher purchase prices and that EVs produce fewer global warming emissions regardless of the electricity grid's composition. It positions EVs as a central pillar of the 'Half the Oil' plan to reduce U.S. oil dependency through efficiency, biofuels, and advanced vehicle technology.

Wildfires in the Western U.S. are becoming more frequent and the wildfire season is lengthening, driven by regional temperature increases that are double the global average and earlier spring snowmelt.

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) argues that the U.S. can cut its projected oil use in half by 2035 compared to a 'do-nothing' baseline. By implementing technology and policy advances across transportation, buildings, and industry, the plan estimates a reduction of 11 million barrels per day (mbpd), resulting in gross cost savings of more than $550 billion and the creation of over 1 million net new jobs by 2035.

The research uses a production function based on a sample of 40 hydroelectric plants to model the relationship between runoff and revenue in Costa Rica. Projections for 2100 under IPCC scenarios A2, A1B, and B1 indicate a significant reduction in hydropower production, estimated between 41% and 43%. These changes translate to aggregate revenue losses ranging from 41% in the sustainable B1 scenario to 49% in the A1B scenario. The study also explores technological adaptation, finding that doubling installed capacity would be required to achieve a revenue increase of 3% to 18% under these climate scenarios.

The document analyzes historical census data to demonstrate that areas prone to climate-related hazards in Bangladesh have significantly lower population growth rates, indicating higher out-migration. It projects that an additional 9.6 million people will migrate from affected upazilas by 2050. The authors argue that migration can be an effective adaptation strategy if supported by government interventions, such as employment skills training and sustainable urban planning to prevent migrants from settling in risk-prone city areas.

The report finds that global methane emissions from landfills are likely 10-15 Tg CH4/yr, significantly lower than the ~35 Tg reported by IPCC-based methodologies. It argues that developing countries will not follow the historical trajectory of industrialized nations toward heavy landfill reliance due to established recycling cultures, space constraints in megacities, and high organic waste content. The author identifies a 'gulf' between waste management field studies and climate modeling, noting that IPCC defaults often overestimate landfilling rates and underestimate food waste fractions. Among mitigation options, aerobic composting is highlighted as the most viable for developing countries because it is low-cost, suited to high-organic waste, and reduces leachate. Projections suggest that expanding composting could reduce 2030 methane emissions by approximately 34% compared to a reference scenario, while combined incineration and composting could reduce them by 43%.