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This case study examines how Chile integrated a 'social pillar' and just transition criteria into its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted in April 2020. It details the country's goals for carbon neutrality and the phase-out of coal-fired power plants, while highlighting the governance structures and social challenges associated with ensuring an equitable transition for workers and vulnerable communities.

This case study examines Egypt's 2014 reform of its fossil fuel subsidies, which aimed to reduce a significant budget deficit and reallocate funds toward social protections and economic growth. While the reforms successfully reduced government spending and were supported by a broad political consensus, the document notes challenges in targeting support to the poorest households and aligning reforms with long-term climate goals.

A case study on the economic transition of Wałbrzych, Poland, following the rapid closure of its coal mines in the mid-1990s. The document highlights how a lack of proactive planning led to severe unemployment and poverty, while later efforts through special economic zones and EU investments have provided a path toward recovery and a low-carbon economy.

This case study by the World Resources Institute examines Morocco's 2014 fossil fuel subsidy reform, which aimed to reduce government spending on fossil fuels and reinvest those savings into renewable energy to enhance energy independence and meet climate goals.

This case study examines Colorado's legislative and strategic efforts to manage the transition away from coal-fired power plants. The state has established a Just Transition Office and Advisory Committee to support workers and communities, while implementing a securitization mechanism to accelerate the closure of uneconomic plants.

This case study by the World Resources Institute examines Uruguay's transition to renewable electricity generation, highlighting the role of long-term policy planning, social dialogue with unions, and international partnerships in creating green jobs and managing the phase-out of fossil fuels.

This case study examines Ontario's phase-out of coal-fired electricity, focusing on the conversion of the Atikokan and Thunder Bay generating stations to biomass to mitigate local economic disruption. While the conversions initially preserved jobs and supported the forest products sector, the study notes a lack of preemptive just transition planning and the eventual closure of the Thunder Bay plant due to low energy demand.

This case study examines the work of Germany's Commission on Growth, Structural Change and Employment (the "Coal Commission"), established in 2018 to create a consensus-based plan for phasing out coal-fired power generation while ensuring a just transition for workers and affected regions.

This case study examines the economic transition of Germany's Ruhr region from a coal-mining and heavy industry center to a knowledge- and tourism-based economy. It details the shift from top-down structural policies to a decentralized, inclusive engagement strategy involving trade unions and government, culminating in the closure of the last hard coal mine in 2018.

This World Resources Institute fact sheet describes the European Union's Just Transition Mechanism, a financial and technical framework designed to support EU member states in phasing out high-emissions activities, particularly coal, while mitigating socio-economic disruption.

This case study examines the Pavagada Solar Park in Karnataka, India, focusing on its innovative land-leasing model and the resulting socio-economic and environmental trade-offs. While the project successfully contributed to renewable energy targets and provided stable income for landowners, it faced challenges regarding water scarcity, limited local job creation, and negative impacts on non-land-owning residents.

This case study examines Mexico's efforts to integrate energy justice into its renewable energy expansion. While the country has rapidly increased solar and wind capacity and implemented new social impact assessment (SIA) and consultation laws between 2013 and 2018, significant implementation gaps remain. Social conflicts, often stemming from inadequate consultation with Indigenous and local communities, have delayed numerous energy projects and highlighted tensions between ambitious climate targets and the protection of community rights.

This case study examines Alberta, Canada's strategy to phase out coal-fired electricity by 2030, focusing on the financial mechanisms and social dialogue used to support affected workers and communities.

This case study describes the community-led response in Tonawanda, New York, to the closure of the NRG Energy-owned Huntley Generating Station, a coal-fired power plant. It details the formation of the Huntley Alliance, a coalition that lobbied for state funding to mitigate tax revenue losses and developed a long-term economic vision called "Tonawanda Tomorrow" to diversify the local economy and redevelop waterfront property.

This case study examines Kentucky's coal severance tax, introduced in 1972, and its role in funding economic diversification and basic services in coal-producing counties. While the tax has provided significant resources through funds like the LGEAF and LGEDF, its effectiveness is challenged by a lack of a coordinated long-term strategy and a sharp decline in revenues as coal production and employment plummet.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute discusses the design and implementation of low-carbon product standards for the cement and steel industries in the United States to help achieve Paris Agreement goals.

The CLEAN Future Act, introduced on March 2, 2021, by U.S. Representative Frank Pallone and other House Energy and Commerce Committee leadership, proposes a framework to achieve a 100% clean economy in the United States by 2050. The briefing outlines the bill's targets for emissions reduction, its approach to climate federalism, investments in transportation and power, and provisions for environmental justice and worker transitions.

A statement from Manish Bapna of the World Resources Institute analyzing China's 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025), noting that while it confirms key climate pledges and sets specific energy targets, it lacks detailed implementation paths for achieving carbon neutrality by 2060.

This briefing by the World Resources Institute argues that the United States should set a greenhouse gas emissions-reduction target of 50% below 2005 levels by 2030. The document outlines how such a target is achievable through a combination of federal and local action, would stimulate economic growth and job creation, and is necessary to maintain international leadership and meet global warming limits of 1.5 degrees C.

This issue brief by the World Resources Institute examines energy injustice in the United States and proposes strategies for federal investment to ensure the clean energy transition equitably distributes benefits to marginalized households and communities.