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The document estimates that ensuring climate-resilient infrastructure in Uganda will cost between US$60-76 million in 2025 and US$347-621 million by 2050, with buildings accounting for 96% of these costs. Under a less favorable climate scenario (RCP 8.5), total costs to 2050 could reach US$4.4 billion. Additionally, the report warns that a doubling of the frequency of extreme events every 25 years could lead to damages of US$938-3,236 million by 2050, representing 0.1-0.4% of GDP. Key adaptation priorities include climate-proofing public buildings and integrating resilient standards into infrastructure planning.

The document evaluates the vulnerability of Kampala's infrastructure to climate change, specifically focusing on flooding and temperature increases. It projects a significant rise in annual flood damages by 2050 and estimates the cost of climate-proofing buildings and roads between US$3.3 billion and US$3.7 billion for the period 2015-2050.

The document examines climate-related agricultural losses in the Karamoja region of Uganda, highlighting that recent droughts have caused production losses of 50% to 100% for some households. It projects future losses of 9% to 32% of total production by 2050 and identifies significant yield reductions for maize and beans. The study recommends prioritizing water availability, crop diversification, and livestock support to build resilience.

The document examines the vulnerability of Arabica coffee in Uganda's Bududa District to climate variability and projected climate change. It compares 'Business as Usual' (BAU) with 'Climate Smart Agriculture' (CSA) scenarios, finding that CSA—which includes tree planting, mulching, and trench construction—offers a higher Internal Rate of Return (IRR) than BAU under both current and future conditions. The study suggests that combining CSA with institutional support could sustain coffee cultivation, though it notes that estimates are preliminary and require further research and piloting.

The study finds that climate change, characterized by rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall, will likely cause significant economic losses in the Mpanga river catchment, particularly in the energy sector. Annual costs for the energy sector are estimated between US$25 million and US$98 million by 2030-2035, while the water supply sector in the Rushango area may face annual losses of US$45,000 to US$79,000. Adaptation measures, including water resource regulation and energy diversification, are considered high priorities as they only need to offset between 2.8% and 32.8% of estimated losses to be economically justified.

The document estimates that water demand in Uganda will increase from 408 million cubic meters per year in 2010 to 3,963 million cubic meters per year by 2050. Under climate change scenarios and assuming no new investments beyond current plans, unmet demand is projected to rise to 1,651 million cubic meters per year, with an expected annual cost of approximately US$5.5 billion by 2050. The analysis highlights that the Lake Victoria, Albert Nile, and Lake Kyoga watersheds will face the largest economic losses. Historical drought data shows significant impacts, with events in 2005-6 and 2010-11 causing losses of US$250 million and US$1,174 million respectively. The report concludes that priority adaptation programmes focusing on water use efficiency, supply for agriculture and industry, and Integrated Water Resources Management are likely to generate high returns on investment.

The report examines the tensions between Indonesia's ambitious water, energy, and food security targets and its climate and conservation commitments. Using a WEF nexus framework, it identifies how competition for land and water resources can lead to deforestation and undermine emissions targets. The analysis highlights gaps in cross-sectoral and multi-scale coordination, particularly between national mandates and local government priorities. Key recommendations include accelerating the One Map Initiative to resolve data inconsistencies, prioritizing Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) in spatial planning, and aligning fiscal incentives to support local governments in transitioning to sustainable development models.

The WACDEP capacity development programme (2012-2015) trained approximately 140 participants across eight African countries to identify and implement 'no/low regret' investments for water security. The programme emphasized national ownership, the use of local trainers, and the integration of training with active national policy processes. Key results included the enhancement of Burkina Faso's National Adaptation Planning process, the development of a funded urban flood management project in Maputo, Mozambique, and the revision of water and land planning Terms of Reference in Tunisia. The brief concludes that decentralised management and mentor-supported learning are critical for translating capacity building into tangible development outcomes.

The policy brief emphasizes that water security is a prerequisite for growth and development in Africa, noting that climate variability can significantly reduce GDP. It advocates for a strategy of 'no/low regret' investments—those that provide returns regardless of the climate scenario—to address the 'adaptation deficit' and minimize risks. The document calls for cross-sectoral coordination, increased investment in water management, and the exploitation of specialized climate adaptation funding, such as the potential Green Climate Fund, to build long-term resilience.

The policy brief emphasizes that water security is the primary medium through which climate change impacts will be felt in Africa, necessitating a cross-sectoral approach to development. It proposes using the existing foundations of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) to mainstream climate resilience across sectors such as agriculture, energy, and sanitation. The document highlights that effective coordination requires leadership from central government 'apex' bodies, such as a Ministry of Finance, rather than relying on a single line ministry. It cites Zambia's Sixth National Development Planning (SNDP) process as an example where water and climate change adaptation were consolidated across multiple sector strategies.

The document outlines a governance framework for achieving climate-resilient development in Africa, stressing that resilience must be mainstreamed into central government planning rather than treated as a separate agenda. It identifies a hierarchy of responsibility where central governments lead coordination, line ministries implement sector-specific policies, and local communities provide essential bottom-up perspectives. A significant portion of the brief focuses on the necessity of transboundary cooperation through Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and River and Lake Basin Organisations (RLBOs) to manage Africa's 53 shared river basins. Finally, it emphasizes that successful implementation depends on engaging non-state actors, including private businesses and civil society, through financial incentives and consultation.

The document advocates for Robust Decision Making (RDM) to manage climate uncertainty in water sector investments. It proposes a screening process to categorize investments into no/low regret, climate change risky, and climate change justified options, prioritizing those that provide benefits regardless of the climate scenario. It emphasizes addressing the 'adaptation deficit'—the backlog of investments needed to protect against existing climatic fluctuations—and suggests using sensitivity analysis and benefit-cost appraisals to refine development portfolios.

The document argues that achieving water security in Africa requires tens of billions of dollars annually, with climate resilience adding an additional US$10–15 billion. It suggests a blended financing approach combining traditional water finance, official development assistance, and specialized climate finance to bridge the funding gap. While most climate finance currently targets mitigation, the briefing emphasizes the need for adaptation funding and the role of the Green Climate Fund in supporting African water infrastructure.

This report examines gender gaps in climate change mitigation financing and proposes solutions to improve project efficacy and sustainability. It argues that mitigation efforts have historically been 'gender-neutral,' often overlooking the disproportionate impact of climate change on women and their potential as leaders in solutions. Through case studies in Nepal, Mali, and Colombia, the document demonstrates that integrating gender perspectives from the design phase leads to better economic and social outcomes and higher project sustainability.

The report argues that climate mitigation projects often ignore gender, treating technical solutions as 'gender neutral,' which can reinforce inequalities. By examining projects in Nepal, Mali, and Colombia, it demonstrates that integrating gender perspectives—through sex-disaggregated data, targeted training, and safety measures—increases the effectiveness and long-term viability of mitigation efforts. It highlights the role of international mechanisms like the UNFCCC, GEF, and CDM in promoting gender-responsive climate finance.

The document argues that Indonesia's economic growth is threatened by environmental degradation, specifically deforestation and peatland fires. While water security is prioritised across sectors, the energy and agriculture sectors focus on built infrastructure rather than forest conservation. The report highlights that ambitious food and bioenergy targets risk further deforestation unless productivity is increased or degraded land is prioritised. Governance is complicated by a complex legal framework and a disconnect between national plans and local government implementation. A case study in Aceh demonstrates that increasing oil palm yields to national averages could meet production targets without further land conversion, whereas 'business-as-usual' scenarios would require converting 220,000 hectares of land.

The 2015 Union Budget of India incorporates 'Green India' goals through electric vehicle promotion, revised renewable energy targets, and irrigation funding, though it lacks focus on green skills, crop insurance, and resilient 'Smart Cities'.

The document examines the economic risks of deforestation in Aceh, specifically linking palm oil expansion on peatlands to increased flooding and potential 'stranded assets'. It argues that increasing agricultural productivity for palm oil and rice can meet government production targets while reducing the need for land conversion and protecting the Leuser Ecosystem.

The report investigates how local multi-stakeholder platforms can catalyze the integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in India. Focusing on the arid regions of Leh and Barmer, the project utilized household surveys, resource mapping, and the installation of an Automatic Weather Station to identify climate-induced risks and policy gaps. Key findings indicate that while local communities perceive clear trends in rising temperatures and erratic precipitation, government policies remain fragmented and compartmentalized. The project successfully implemented community-led initiatives, such as a radio program in Barmer and a climate school in Leh, to amplify local voices and provide scientific weather data for agricultural adaptation. The report concludes that the district level is the most optimal point for the convergence of DRR and CCA to drive upward policy transformation.

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