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This policy brief, prepared by the Climate Bonds Initiative in partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank and commissioned by the Brazilian Ministry of Economy, explores how subnational consortia in Brazil can utilize innovative financial modeling to fund sustainable municipal infrastructure. It analyzes the legal barriers facing Brazilian municipalities, proposes the adoption of pooled financing mechanisms (MFGCs), and provides international case studies to support a green economic recovery.

Karnataka holds 22% of India's total installed electricity capacity and the highest solar capacity in the country (7.3GW as of 2019). However, the document asserts that capacity growth alone is insufficient; market reforms are needed to increase supply and demand flexibility to ensure a low-carbon system is more cost-effective than the current energy mix.

This report analyzes electricity subsidies in India from FY 2016 to FY 2019, evaluating the impact of the Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) scheme. It finds that direct tariff subsidies increased by 32% during this period, reaching INR 110,391 crore in FY 2019, while most electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) failed to meet financial performance targets regarding revenue recovery and loss reduction.

This executive summary from Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) outlines a roadmap for increasing electricity system flexibility in India to support the deployment of renewable energy and reduce overall system costs. The report argues that flexibility needs are growing faster than energy demand and that a balanced portfolio of demand-side flexibility, powerplant upgrades, and energy storage can reduce system costs by 5% to 8% and carbon emissions by 8% to 12% by 2030.

The India Green Economy Barometer 2018 report assesses India's progress toward a sustainable and inclusive economy. It finds that while India has high potential and has made significant strides in renewable energy and corporate social responsibility, the overall transition is slow and insufficient. The report highlights critical barriers, including the perception that environmental protection hinders economic growth, and calls for systemic reforms in finance, national accounting, and high-impact sectors like agriculture and construction to ensure a fair and green transition.

This executive summary report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), in collaboration with ICF and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), provides the first comprehensive inventory of energy subsidies in India for the financial years 2014 to 2016. The report maps subsidies across coal, oil and gas, renewable energy, and electricity transmission and distribution (T&D), analyzing their magnitude, trends, and socio-economic and environmental impacts.

This guidance documentSSSSSS Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) document provides a framework for integrating gender perspectives and social equity into model-based policy analysis, specifically focusing on the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) and Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) systems. It addresses the systemic 'gender-blindness' in technical modelling and offers strategies for inclusive project design, data collection, and capacity building to ensure that the differentiated impacts of resource management on men and women are captured in policy planning.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of decarbonizing Indian Railways (IR) by 2030. It evaluates various pathways for the traction and non-traction segments, concluding that transitioning to renewable energy—specifically through captive generation at an accelerated rate—is significantly cheaper than a business-as-usual scenario. The report emphasizes the necessity of full electrification and identifies regulatory barriers regarding state-level net metering and open access policies.

A fact sheet detailing a catastrophic precipitation event in Chennai, India, on 1 December 2015, and the subsequent scientific attribution analysis regarding the role of human-caused climate change.

This policy brief examines the extreme rainfall event in Chennai on 1 December 2015, which saw a record 494 mm of rain in 24 hours. While climate attribution studies concluded the event was not caused by anthropogenic global warming, the document highlights how unplanned urbanisation and poor infrastructure exacerbated the disaster's impact, costing the Indian economy an estimated US$3 billion.

This report reviews the State Disaster Management Plans (SDMPs) of five Indian states—Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Odisha, and Uttarakhand—to evaluate their effectiveness in disaster risk reduction, financing, vulnerability assessment, and alignment with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.

This case study describes the 'Future Proofing Cities' project in Madurai, India, which focuses on strengthening 'blue-green infrastructure' to mitigate climate risks. Implemented by Atkins in partnership with University College London (UCL) and the UK Department for International Development (DFID), with the DHAN Foundation as the delivery partner, the project resulted in the Madurai Action Plan for Blue-Green Infrastructure. The plan employs a multi-stakeholder, participatory approach to address flooding, water scarcity, and urban growth through 14 integrated projects across six themes, aiming to align city development with climate resilience and 'smart city' goals.

This report by Friends of the Earth Europe examines the impact of jatropha biofuel cultivation in India, specifically focusing on the state of Chhattisgarh. It argues that the drive to replace 20% of diesel consumption by 2017 has led to the forced displacement of tribal and lower-caste communities from common lands, often without consultation, while the crop itself has frequently failed to thrive due to poor understanding of growing conditions.

This case study examines the impact of cotton yarn price volatility on India's handloom weavers and evaluates various government and micro-level interventions designed to stabilize the sector. It highlights the vulnerability of decentralized weavers within a value chain dominated by organized spinning mills and traders, and recommends an integrated approach combining technological innovation, institutional reform, and improved market intelligence.

This policy brief describes the bilateral partnership between the UK and India focused on expanding renewable energy (RE) markets. It details UK-supported initiatives in legislative capacity building, off-grid ventures, offshore wind energy, and solar power to help India reach its 2022 target of 175GW of renewable energy.

The BRICS nations experienced a record-breaking expansion of power capacity in 2025, characterized by a simultaneous surge in both fossil fuel and renewable energy installations. While solar and wind additions reached historic highs, primarily driven by China and India, fossil fuel capacity also saw its largest net annual increase on record. This 'split transition' is marked by a trend where coal capacity continues to grow even as coal-fired generation declines in leading nations due to the rapid scaling of renewables.

This briefing, based on a June 2020 virtual roundtable by CEEW and IISD, analyzes the impacts of COVID-19 on India's electricity sector. It details the financial distress of distribution companies (DISCOMs), the operational challenges faced by thermal and renewable energy producers, and the government's proposed recovery measures, including a stimulus package and loan terms from PFC-REC.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the energy transition in Chhattisgarh, India, from FY 2020 to FY 2024. It quantifies government subsidies, public sector undertaking (PSU) investments, and energy-related revenues, highlighting the state's deep fiscal and economic reliance on coal and oil and gas (O&G). The report emphasizes the vulnerability of Chhattisgarh to the energy transition and recommends diversifying revenue sources, better targeting electricity subsidies, and accelerating the shift toward renewable energy to mitigate economic risks.

This research paper analyzes the policy landscape for clean energy transition in India's micro, small, and medium enterprise (MSME) sector between 2010 and 2020, evaluating the effectiveness of central and state-level schemes in promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy adoption.

This working paper describes the CollabSolar project, a 2014 pilot initiative by WRI India and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) to aggregate rooftop solar demand among six corporate buyers in Bengaluru. The project aimed to reduce transaction costs and achieve economies of scale to make rooftop solar more attractive to developers and financiers.