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The Abu Rawash Wastewater Treatment Plant project, costing USD 390 million, is funded through a combination of Egyptian government public budget (USD 237 million) and concessional debt from development finance institutions (USD 150 million from AfDB and AGTF). The project aims to enhance adaptive capacity and water supply through infrastructure expansion and institutional support. The document highlights that accessing such concessional finance requires robust climate data, strong sovereign credit ratings, and a supportive policy environment, noting that Egypt is one of six African countries receiving the majority of DFI water adaptation finance.

The report identifies that Canada's physical infrastructure is the country's most significant climate risk zone, facing threats from extreme weather, permafrost degradation, and sea-level rise. It details specific vulnerabilities across transport, buildings, water, wastewater, maritime, and energy/ICT sectors, proposing a combination of structural modifications, improved monitoring, and nature-based solutions. The document evaluates federal initiatives like the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change and the Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund, while highlighting a significant infrastructure deficit, particularly for First Nations communities. It advocates for an integrated, whole-of-society approach that combines scientific data with Indigenous knowledge and diversifies financing through sustainable and risk-based investments.

The project focuses on the Katari watershed in Bolivia, where high-altitude wetlands known as "bofedales" are critical for regulating water balance and supplying drinking water to La Paz and El Alto. These ecosystems are currently deteriorating due to climate change, glacier retreat, rapid urbanization, overgrazing, and mining-related groundwater extraction. To address this, the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) is using multi-temporal remote sensing data from 1984-2020 and the WEAP modelling platform to establish eco-hydrological baselines and evaluate potential conflicts between urban water demands and the preservation of these wetlands.

The document examines how climate change exacerbates water scarcity, poor water and air quality, and economic instability in the San Joaquin Valley, offering specific adaptation strategies for households and communities.

In January 2019, Ahmedabad raised approximately $26.2 million through municipal bonds to fund green projects, including waste management, water supply, and the cleaning of the Sabarmati River. The case study highlights that green municipal bonds are effective for climate-resilient infrastructure due to their long tenors (10-20 years) and suitability for large-scale projects. Success factors for such issuances include a city's strong financial risk profile, good credit ratings, operational performance, and governance. Additionally, the document notes the role of the Indian government's Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in incentivising market-based financing and easing issuance rules to allow foreign portfolio investment.

The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) successfully raised 200 crore Indian rupees (INR) through municipal bonds in January 2019 to fund green projects, including waste management, water supply, and the cleaning of the Sabarmati River. The bonds were oversubscribed 5.42 times, receiving INR 1,085 crore in subscriptions from 19 institutions. This success is attributed to AMC's AA+ credit rating from CRISIL and India Ratings, reflecting strong financial health and operational efficiency. The document highlights the role of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in incentivising and easing the rules for municipal bond issuance to support climate-resilient infrastructure.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) has petitioned Minister Lindiwe Sisulu to urgently provide water tanks and tankers to communities in eMalahleni, including Extension 11, Empumelelweni, Extension 14, and Coronation. These areas have lacked reliable water supply since September 2019, forcing residents to rely on contaminated streams polluted by coal mines and industry. The CER argues that this lack of water violates constitutional rights and severely hinders COVID-19 prevention efforts, as residents cannot perform essential handwashing. The letter calls for immediate government intervention to provide both emergency relief and sustainable long-term water access.

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) used the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system and the Open Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS) to model climate change impacts on seven strategic river basins in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis found that all basins face significant economic risks, with the Niger River potentially facing costs up to $200 billion and the Zambezi River showing the highest uncertainty with impacts between $50 billion and $125 billion. To mitigate these risks, SEI recommends that policy-makers integrate climate change expertise into infrastructure planning through technical guidelines, open-data repositories, and professional training programs.

The document analyzes the vulnerability of global economic infrastructure to climate hazards such as flooding, extreme temperatures, and permafrost melt. It argues for a comprehensive approach to adaptation that integrates climate risk analysis 'upstream' into the planning, design, and financing stages of the infrastructure lifecycle. Key findings highlight significant risks to road networks, thermoelectric and hydropower plants, and water supplies, while proposing solutions ranging from nature-based 'Sponge Cities' to performance-based engineering standards and programmatic financing.

The World Resources Institute (WRI) updated the Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas to version 3.0 in August 2019. The update introduces a new hydrological model (PCR-GLOBWB 2.0) that incorporates groundwater resources and provides 144 times higher spatial resolution than the previous GLDAS-2 model. The Water Risk Framework was revised by removing four indicators, updating eight, and adding five new ones. Additionally, the tool transitioned from the Global Drainage Basin Database to HydroBASINS level 6 sub-basins to improve alignment with other water risk tools and provide more homogeneous sub-basin sizes. These changes affect the calculation of key metrics, including overall water risk and baseline water stress, which now account for both surface and groundwater supplies and use daily historical data from January 1960 to December 2014.

The document examines sanitation governance in Rwanda and Uganda, arguing that top-down policies often fail because they ignore the socio-cultural drivers of household behaviour and lack adequate national funding. It highlights a significant 'implementation gap' where international targets drive policy, but households—who provide approximately 60% of sector investment—face cultural and emotional barriers to adoption. The brief advocates for 'backward mapping' to include ground-level stakeholders in design and a deeper understanding of behavioural drivers to ensure sustainability.

The document posits that climate change adaptation involves systemic changes that influence geopolitics. While adaptation is typically framed as ecosystem preservation or conflict reduction—with developing countries viewed as the most vulnerable—this text specifically examines how shifts in water supply, demand, management, and cooperation in India impact geopolitical relations.

The document outlines strategies for enhancing the resilience of urban water and sanitation infrastructure against climate shocks, emphasizing multi-barrier methods, redundancy, decentralization, and green infrastructure.

The Simiyu Climate Resilience Project is a proposed adaptation initiative in Tanzania's Simiyu Region. It seeks 102.7 million EUR in grant funding from the GCF, with a total investment of 143.4 million EUR, to address water scarcity and food insecurity caused by climate change. The project focuses on constructing a bulk water supply system from Lake Victoria, improving sanitation, and implementing climate-smart agriculture for approximately 495,000 beneficiaries.

The document argues that urban water and sanitation systems in Alberta face significant risks from increasing temperatures, precipitation shifts, and extreme weather events. To build resilience, it advocates for a 'multi-barrier' approach to robustness, the integration of redundancy through source water diversity and decentralized treatment, and the promotion of resourcefulness via low-impact development (LID) and green infrastructure. Specific recommendations for Calgary and Edmonton include conducting stochastic hydrology analysis on source watersheds, reviewing regulatory obstacles to decentralized water technologies, and exploring economic instruments like stormwater levies and water trading systems.

Between 2010 and 2014, Fiji received US$32 million in grant-equivalent finance specifically targeting climate change, with mitigation receiving the largest share (61%). Major contributors included the United Arab Emirates, Japan, and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Additionally, between January 2015 and September 2016, Fiji was allocated US$31 million from the Green Climate Fund for water supply and US$3.8 million from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility for REDD+ readiness.

The briefing argues that ISDS mechanisms in trade deals like RCEP undermine the right of Asian governments to regulate in the public interest by allowing foreign investors to sue states in private tribunals. It highlights that 50 known cases against 11 RCEP countries have resulted in claims totaling at least 31 billion USD, with 67% of resolved cases favoring investors. The document warns that RCEP could 'lock in' these dangerous provisions, making them harder to reform than bilateral treaties.

The paper evaluates sanitation policies in Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania against seven criteria, finding that while frameworks are ambitious and reforms toward decentralization and Sector Wide Approaches (SWAps) are positive, significant gaps remain in funding, technical capacity at the district level, and the translation of policy into functional facilities.

South Africa is overexploiting its water resources, with national withdrawals exceeding reliable supply. Forecasts indicate that municipal, industrial, and agricultural water demand will continue to rise through 2035, reaching an estimated 18.9 km3. Even if all large-scale reconciliation strategies are implemented, a supply gap is expected to persist. The paper argues that closing this gap requires additional measures beyond surface-water infrastructure, specifically focusing on groundwater development, wastewater treatment, and water conservation and water demand management (WCWDM).

The document evaluates an ecosan project in El Alto, Bolivia, which installed 897 sanitation units, including urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs), for approximately 4,489 people. The study found a statistically significant reduction in diarrhoeal disease overall, though the impact was smaller for households with lower socioeconomic status. Key barriers to success included irregular waste collection, age-related sociocultural differences in toilet adoption, and a lack of user knowledge regarding the specific health links between hygiene practices and pathogen exposure.