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The report 'A Crack in the Shell' by the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) uses internal documents to demonstrate that Royal Dutch Shell had early and urgent notice of climate risks associated with fossil fuels. It highlights a dichotomy between Shell's internal scientific understanding—which acknowledged the link between CO2 and global warming as early as the 1950s and 60s—and its public efforts to sow doubt through industry groups like the Global Climate Coalition and the American Petroleum Institute. The document further argues that Shell continues this pattern by promoting the 'Sky Scenario' to appear aligned with the Paris Agreement while continuing to invest in fossil fuel expansion, including in the Arctic.

The guidance note outlines the processes for evaluating the climate impact of water infrastructure bonds. It details a Mitigation Assessment to quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions against baselines and an Adaptation & Resilience Assessment based on a binary scorecard. The latter evaluates an issuer's Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Plan across four key areas: water allocation, governance, diagnostic technical assessments (including hydrologic modeling), and the robustness of adaptation strategies. The document emphasizes the use of science-based methodologies, such as the WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol and IPCC climate projections, and provides extensive examples from the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to illustrate compliance.

The policy brief advocates for the adoption of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) to enhance climate resilience in coastal and island regions. It highlights the protective value of mangroves and coral reefs, notes their current underrepresentation in national climate strategies, and suggests using the 2020 NDC revision cycle to mainstream these nature-based solutions. The author emphasizes the need for quantitative data to build a business case for private investment and highlights innovative financing models like debt-for-nature swaps.

The document argues that the Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines has the jurisdiction to investigate the 'Carbon Majors'—major fossil fuel companies—for their role in driving climate change and subsequent human rights violations. It asserts that these companies knew of the climate risks associated with their products for decades but promoted misinformation. The briefs argue that climate change threatens fundamental rights in the Philippines, including the rights to life, health, food, and water, and that these companies should be held accountable under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the 'Polluter Pays' principle.

Saint Lucia has implemented a 10-year National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process, led by the Department of Sustainable Development, to build resilience against climate change. The plan identifies eight priority sectors for adaptation—Tourism, Water, Agriculture, Fisheries, Education, Health, Infrastructure & spatial planning, and Natural resource management—and utilizes Sectoral Adaptation Strategies & Action Plans (SASAPs) to implement measures. The process includes several supporting tools, such as a Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report and a Monitoring & Evaluation Plan. Observed and anticipated climate impacts for the country include tropical storms, high-intensity hurricanes, sea level rise, coral bleaching, and prolonged droughts.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is implementing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to mainstream climate adaptation into development planning and financing. The process, led by the Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, Sustainable Development and Information Technology, identifies key climate hazards such as tropical storms, rising sea levels, and rainfall variability. Priority sectors for adaptation include agriculture, water, energy, tourism, and infrastructure. Between 2010 and 2014, extreme weather events caused losses exceeding 35 percent of the country's GDP.

The analysis finds that heat and cold extremes are warming globally in line with average temperatures, with cold extremes in Siberia and Canada warming particularly fast. Extreme daily precipitation is generally increasing at a rate of approximately 7% per degree Celsius, though regional variations exist. While trends in tropical cyclone frequency are difficult to determine, their impacts have increased due to higher precipitation and sea level rise. Drought trends remain complex and highly dependent on the specific definition used.

The program seeks USD 70 million from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) as part of a total USD 106.9 million investment to address deforestation, climate vulnerability, and economic stagnation in Central Kongo Province. It builds upon an existing Forest Investment Program (FIP) by expanding its scope to include green growth and resilience. Key interventions include scaling up agroforestry, distributing improved cookstoves, protecting coastal areas from erosion and sea-level rise, and supporting SMEs in transitioning to green investments. The program targets a mitigation impact of 6.5 million tCO2eq and aims to benefit 12,000 poor households directly, with 1.6 million indirect beneficiaries.

The Philippines utilizes a nationally driven approach to climate adaptation, where the National Adaptation Plan is envisioned as a derivative of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2011–2028. The process is led by the Climate Change Commission (CCC) using a "whole of nation approach" that integrates stakeholders from government, academia, business, and civil society, while aligning with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan and the Philippine Development Plan.

The Tonga Green Climate Fund Country Programme identifies 29 priority initiatives—comprising 12 adaptation, 4 mitigation, 9 cross-cutting projects, 3 readiness support initiatives, and 1 project preparation grant—with a total estimated cost of USD $486.33 million. The programme focuses on critical vulnerabilities including sea-level rise, tropical cyclones, and drought, aligning with the Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 and the Second Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP 2). Key priorities include renewable energy expansion, coastal resilience, climate-smart agriculture, and the climate-proofing of urban infrastructure in Nuku’alofa.

The Republic of Fiji National Adaptation Plan (2018) is a strategic framework designed to transition the country toward a climate-resilient development pathway. It identifies 160 prioritised adaptation measures across ten components: five systemic (climate information, horizontal integration, vertical integration, awareness, and resource mobilisation) and five sectoral (food security, health, human settlements, infrastructure, and biodiversity). The plan emphasizes a 'theory of change' that combines the removal of adaptation barriers with the mitigation of sectoral risks, grounded in ecosystem-based and gender- and human rights-based approaches. Key goals include mainstreaming climate risk into all levels of government decision-making, improving the availability of high-resolution climate data, and enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure and food systems to combat hazards such as tropical cyclones, sea-level rise, and flooding.

The Agriculture Sectoral Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan (SASAP) 2018-2028 is a component of Saint Lucia's National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process. It addresses the high vulnerability of the island's small-scale, rain-fed agriculture to extreme weather, including hurricanes, droughts, and sea-level rise. The plan outlines 45 adaptation measures organized under four major outcomes: enhancing the enabling environment, improving nutrition and food security, strengthening partnerships, and building adaptive capacity to climate extremes. The document includes 11 project concept notes to attract international and national funding for initiatives such as biological pesticide production, climate-resilient livestock centers, and agro-meteorological mobile applications.

The Republic of Fiji's 2018 National Adaptation Plan (NAP) provides a strategic framework to address climate vulnerabilities through 160 prioritised actions. The plan focuses on systemic changes—such as horizontal and vertical integration of climate risk into planning—and sectoral adaptations in food security, health, human settlements, infrastructure, and biodiversity. It emphasizes a 'theory of change' where adaptation is synonymous with climate-resilient development, integrating ecosystem-based and human-rights-based approaches to protect vulnerable populations and critical economic sectors from hazards like tropical cyclones, sea-level rise, and flooding.

Saint Lucia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2018–2028 provides a comprehensive roadmap to build climate resilience across key sectors including water, agriculture, fisheries, infrastructure, natural resource management, education, health, and tourism. The plan identifies 40 cross-sectoral and 271 sectoral adaptation measures designed to reduce vulnerabilities to sea-level rise, intense tropical storms, and erratic rainfall. It establishes the National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) as the coordinating body and emphasizes the need for Sectoral Adaptation Strategies and Action Plans (SASAPs) to provide detailed blueprints for implementation. The document also addresses the 'limits to adaptation' and the resulting potential for economic and non-economic loss and damage.

The report assesses Saint Lucia's vulnerability to climate change, identifying key risks to tourism, agriculture, water, and infrastructure. It evaluates the country's current adaptation capacities, highlighting strengths such as the National Climate Change Committee and weaknesses including limited in-country scientific capacity and data gaps. The document recommends improving the national knowledge base, centralizing data access, and aligning the NAP with long-term development planning.

The report analyzes the climate-security nexus in the Eastern Mediterranean, identifying the region as a climate change hotspot where rising temperatures and water scarcity interact with fragile political structures. It highlights risks including domestic resource competition, potential conflicts over the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers, and increased migration toward Europe. The author argues that while conventional security threats currently dominate government agendas, the economic and physical impacts of climate change could trigger social unrest and regional instability. The report recommends increasing the visibility of economic risks to leaders and utilizing 'variable geometry' cooperation—combining inter-governmental frameworks like the Barcelona Convention with city-to-city and civil society networks—to foster regional adaptation.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) views climate change as a "threat multiplier" that amplifies existing global instabilities such as poverty and political tension. The document outlines critical risks including mass population displacement, water scarcity leading to potential "weaponization of water," and shifting geopolitical dynamics in the Arctic due to sea ice loss. Domestically, climate change threatens the readiness of DOD's vast real estate portfolio, valued at approximately $850 billion. The briefing details adaptation and mitigation efforts across the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, while noting the inconsistent nature of Congressional support for climate-security policies.

Colombia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is described as a dynamic process rather than a static document, designed to integrate climate risk management into sectoral and regional planning. The process has evolved through several phases since 2011, including the establishment of the SISCLIMA system and a Green Growth strategy. The plan identifies priority sectors for adaptation—including agriculture, health, finance, and energy—and targets specific climate impacts such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, and sea level rise.

Fiji's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is designed as a continuous, iterative process to integrate climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction into sub-national development planning. The approach emphasizes inclusive partnerships across government, civil society, and the private sector, as well as horizontal and vertical integration to mainstream climate concerns across all ministries and local community needs. Key milestones include the 2017 creation of the NAP Framework and the accreditation of the Fiji Development Bank to the Green Climate Fund.

Togo has adopted a government-wide, multisectoral approach to climate change adaptation, treating it as a development issue central to its Vision 2030 goals. The country is systematically mainstreaming adaptation into national planning and the domestic budget, led by the Ministry of Planning and the Ministry of Economy and Finance. Key climate threats identified include heatwaves, droughts, floods, rainfall variability, and sea level rise, affecting priority sectors such as agriculture, coastal zones, health, human settlements, and water.