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The Chinese domestic labeled green bond market grew to nearly USD 120 billion between 2016 and 2019, becoming the second largest globally. While it has funded significant projects in clean transportation and energy, the market is characterized by high credit rating skew, limited international investor participation, and a lack of standardized project-level reporting. The report recommends consolidating regulatory frameworks, easing credit rules to diversify issuers, and establishing a centralized data depository to improve transparency.

The report finds that China's labeled green bond market grew rapidly to become the world's second largest by 2019, reaching approximately $120 billion. While it has successfully attracted new issuers and funded significant projects in clean transport and energy, the market faces challenges including low international investor participation, a lack of standardized environmental reporting, and a high concentration of high-credit-rated large issuers. The report suggests unifying regulatory rules, expanding the issuer base to include more private enterprises, and strengthening monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems to improve transparency.

The SAVi assessment finds that the Kalivaç and Poçem hydropower projects (HPPs) are uneconomic, producing higher costs and societal burdens than benefits. When integrating externalities, the HPPs' levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is more than 2.5 times higher than that of solar PV. The report highlights significant negative externalities, particularly the loss of agricultural land and tourism potential along the Vjosa River, and notes that the projects are not financially attractive at domestic electricity prices of EUR 55/MWh.

The report identifies critical vulnerabilities in Ghana's infrastructure due to rising temperatures, variable rainfall, and sea-level rise. It proposes a comprehensive set of technical and policy adaptations across the water, energy, and transport sectors, emphasizing inter-ministerial collaboration, gender-responsive planning, and the need for sustainable domestic and international financing.

The proposal seeks $2,184,555 over 36 months to develop a comprehensive National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for Zambia. The project aims to strengthen institutional coordination, integrate climate adaptation into national and sub-national planning and budgeting, and prioritize adaptation actions across key sectors. It focuses on moving beyond short-term projects to a long-term strategic framework aligned with Zambia's Vision 2030 and the 7th National Development Plan.

The report analyzes Angola's vulnerability to oil market volatility and its low human development outcomes. It argues that while GDP is projected to grow, absolute poverty will increase due to rapid population growth unless the government prioritizes human development. The authors evaluate five sectoral scenarios, concluding that investing in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure provides the most significant economic and health benefits, while prioritizing education and reproductive healthcare for women is the fastest way to boost incomes and reduce maternal mortality.

The report finds that low-carbon energy transitions do not automatically improve social equity and can replicate existing structural inequalities if power asymmetries are not addressed. While some technologies like household solar provide benefits, others—particularly large-scale hydropower and biofuel plantations—often lead to land loss, displacement, and precarious employment. The authors argue that institutional frameworks and participatory processes, rather than the technology itself, determine whether a transition is just.

ClientEarth argues that Greece's proposed extension of its flexibility and interruptibility schemes is unjustified because a recent resource adequacy assessment indicates no supply concerns for 2020-2030. The organization contends that these schemes act as a disincentive for Greece to implement the 'Target Model' market reforms and may violate the recast Electricity Market Regulation (EMR), which positions such measures as a 'last resort'. ClientEarth highlights that the interruptibility scheme disproportionately impacts solar power producers through its levy formula and notes ongoing legal challenges against both schemes in the Greek Council of State.

The program aims to strengthen the resilience of 1.2 million people in Rwanda's Upper Nyabarongo and Muvumba catchments through integrated landscape management, sustainable forestry, and modernized early warning systems. It seeks USD 50 million from the Green Climate Fund to complement AfDB financing for the Muvumba Multipurpose Water Resources Development Program. Key interventions include restoring 45,000 hectares of land, implementing agroforestry, and deploying LIDAR-based flood risk modelling to mitigate the impacts of floods, landslides, and droughts.

The report examines the deep links between California's water and energy sectors, noting that water services account for approximately 20% of electricity and 30% of natural gas consumption, while hydropower provides an average of 15% of electricity. Using WEAP and LEAP modeling, the study finds that water conservation and potable reuse can reduce energy demands and costs, whereas desalination increases them. To achieve carbon neutrality by 2045, the report emphasizes the necessity of massive growth in solar, wind, and energy storage, alongside the continued role of low-cost hydropower. It also warns that federal policy interference could increase electricity production costs by $23 billion and raise CO2 emissions by 16% compared to the state's policy baseline.

The document analyzes the energy transition in North Africa, noting that electricity generation must nearly double by 2030 to meet growing demand. While the region is expanding renewable energy capacity and implementing efficiency regulations, natural gas is projected to remain the dominant power source by 2030 unless international financial support and technology transfer accelerate. The author highlights a tension between the region's low historical emissions and its high vulnerability to climate change, warning that insufficient climate finance from developed countries risks the region's ability to meet its Paris Agreement commitments.

The document argues that while climate change is unlikely to be the proximate cause of war between India and Pakistan, it acts as a risk multiplier by increasing the volatility of river flows in the Indus River Basin (IRB). This volatility heightens mutual distrust regarding dam operations and water manipulation, placing unprecedented stress on the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The author suggests that the IWT's framework of partitioning water is inadequate for modern climate challenges and recommends a shift toward joint sustainable management to prevent natural calamities from triggering armed conflict in a nuclear-armed region.

The study focuses on the Campoalegre River basin in Colombia, where diverse water uses and inter-basin transfers—particularly from hydropower—have reduced downstream supply. The research aims to create a water balance and decision-making tool for regional authorities to manage water stress and governance challenges caused by fragmented planning units.

The report assesses the Philippines' green finance landscape, highlighting a strong private-sector-led green bond market and significant investment potential in renewable energy, low-carbon transport, sustainable water, and waste management. It details existing policy frameworks, such as the ASEAN Green Bond Standards, and provides a sample pipeline of 79 green projects to attract international and domestic capital.

The report finds that while renewable energy investment reached USD 322 billion in 2018, it must almost triple to USD 800 billion by 2050 to meet climate goals. Investment is heavily concentrated in China, the US, and Western Europe, with a dominance of solar PV and onshore wind. The private sector provides 86% of capital, primarily through project developers. Off-grid renewables, though growing, represent less than 1% of total energy access finance, with Sub-Saharan Africa as the primary destination.

The Drawdown Review 2020 argues that the world can reach Drawdown by the mid-2040s to mid-2060s by scaling existing technologies and practices. The framework categorizes solutions into reducing emission sources, supporting carbon sinks, and improving society. The report emphasizes that the financial benefits of these solutions, with operational savings exceeding implementation costs four to five times over, outweigh the costs of action.

Rwanda has significantly improved its electricity access and investment landscape through robust policy frameworks, including the expansion of off-grid solutions and the restructuring of utilities. While the country has seen rapid progress in electrification rates and the attraction of private investment, it still faces challenges in energy efficiency, gender mainstreaming, and the inclusion of informal settlers in its energy plans.

The document outlines the economic and social opportunities for African nations to 'recover better' from the COVID-19 pandemic by prioritizing sustainable energy. It estimates that achieving universal electricity access in Africa by 2030 requires an annual investment of USD 29 billion, while clean cooking solutions require USD 2 billion annually. The guide highlights the GDP and job creation multipliers of clean energy over fossil fuels and provides a framework of eight 'enablers'—including the removal of fossil fuel subsidies and the implementation of cost-reflective tariffs—to facilitate this transition. It uses India as a case study for successful policy implementation in the global south.

The 6th ASEAN Energy Outlook (AEO6) projects that ASEAN's energy demand will grow significantly by 2040, driven by GDP and population growth. While the region currently relies heavily on fossil fuels, the report models four scenarios—Baseline, AMS Targets (ATS), APAEC Targets (APS), and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)—to evaluate the impact of national and regional policies. The APS is the only scenario that meets the APAEC target of a 23% renewable energy share in total primary energy supply (TPES) by 2025. Key findings highlight the potential for solar PV growth, the necessity of improving air conditioner efficiency, the role of biofuels in transport, and the importance of the ASEAN Power Grid for regional integration. The report also emphasizes the social and environmental costs of continued fossil fuel reliance, noting that ambitious policies could sharply reduce GHG emissions and social costs.

The report analyzes technical and policy pathways for Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050-2070. It argues that current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are insufficiently ambitious and recommends a shift toward widespread electrification, zero-carbon electricity, and sustainable land-use management. The study highlights that while technical solutions exist, achieving these goals requires profound structural changes in energy and transport systems, as well as the development of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) to avoid stranded assets and ensure a just transition.