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The document examines how African public debt is rooted in colonial constructs and enforced through contract law, often perpetuating economic dependency. It analyzes the legal architecture at national and international levels, the various debt instruments used, and the systemic failures in transparency and accountability that lead to debt crises. The paper advocates for constitutional reforms, independent debt management offices, and a multilateral sovereign debt restructuring mechanism to ensure sustainable development and protect human rights.

The report assesses the European Union's fusion energy ecosystem using a SWOT analysis and proposes a shift toward a 'Key Enabling Technologies' (KET)-based strategy. It recommends consolidating governance under the Fusion for Energy (F4E) Joint Undertaking, establishing public-private partnerships, and separating fusion regulation from fission regulation to attract private investment and accelerate commercialisation.

The report evaluates alternative financing for California's high-voltage transmission expansion needed for its 2045 clean energy goals. It finds that a Public-Private Partnership (PPP)-Lease model could save ratepayers up to $3 billion annually, or $123 billion over 40 years, by utilizing low-cost public debt and competitive procurement.

The document argues that traditional investor-owned utility (IOU) financing for transmission projects risks increasing consumer rates and proposes public financing as a lower-cost alternative. Research focused on California indicates that a "lease-type" public-private partnership could save ratepayers up to $3 billion annually, or $123 billion over 40 years, by utilizing low-cost public debt, reducing taxes, and maintaining private sector operational efficiency. The brief outlines several public financing mechanisms, such as public bonds and loans, and provides policy recommendations for other states to implement similar cost-saving reforms, including the use of credit enhancements and the designation of state-level coordinators for high-priority transmission lines.

The document details a knowledge exchange between Kenya and Nepal focused on devolved climate finance. It highlights Nepal's challenges in accessing international funding and the potential for Nepal to replicate Kenya's Financing Locally-Led Climate Actions (FLLoCA) model and County Climate Change Funds (CCCF) to empower local governments and communities in climate adaptation.

The document assesses the climate finance landscape in Indonesia, highlighting a significant gap between the financial needs for mitigation and adaptation and the available funds. Using Kupang as a case study, it identifies a lack of local regulatory frameworks and action plans, which hinders the ability of cities to access national and international funding. The report recommends the establishment of local trust funds and a dedicated information platform to help cities mobilize resources from public, private, and international sources.

The paper examines how multilevel governance can facilitate climate change adaptation in Jamaica's coastal-marine environments. Using a case study approach and Social Network Analysis (SNA), the authors identify the roles of various state and non-state actors. Preliminary findings highlight the importance of bridging organizations, such as the Department of Fisheries (DoFish), and the potential of the newly established Climate Change Focal Point Network to strengthen horizontal coordination among government agencies. The study argues for the need to strengthen vertical ties between national and local levels and to leverage public-private partnerships to enhance adaptive capacity.

The document analyzes the global debate over water privatization, contrasting the view of water as an economic good promoted by international financial institutions with the view of water as a human right. It details the role of the World Bank and IMF in pushing privatization through loan conditionalities and provides case studies of both failed privatization (Cochabamba, Bolivia) and successful participatory public management (Porto Alegre, Brazil).

The document advocates for the use of energy efficiency and domestic renewable retrofits as a 'super-multiplier' for economic recovery in Europe. It highlights the significant potential for job creation in the construction sector, the mitigation of energy poverty, and the necessity of public-private partnerships to overcome high capital costs and low renovation rates. The authors provide historical and international case studies from the US, South Korea, China, and Europe to demonstrate the effectiveness of green stimulus packages in driving long-term economic and environmental benefits.

The briefing outlines a strategy to redirect global private savings toward 1.5°C compatible infrastructure, particularly in developing countries which represent 70% of investment needs. It proposes a coordinated approach to de-risk investments through public guarantees, the recognition of climate remediation assets as collateral by Central Banks, and the use of AAA multi-sovereign guarantees to encourage cross-border capital flows. The document emphasizes the need to reduce debt burdens in developing countries and integrate recovery policies with climate objectives and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ahead of the 2023 Global Stocktake.

The document outlines a framework for managing FX risk in EMDEs, detailing commercial and concessional hedging tools such as forwards, swaps, and options. It highlights the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) and specialized facilities like TCX, Eco Invest Brasil, and the Delta Platform in providing affordable risk mitigation. The guide also specifies the internal, regulatory, and financial market capacity requirements necessary for countries to effectively deploy these instruments, while identifying high costs and tenor mismatches as primary barriers to uptake.

The Ouarzazate I project is a 160MW CSP plant costing USD 1.3 billion, utilizing a public-private partnership (PPP) to bridge the competitiveness gap between CSP and cheaper carbon-intensive energy. The project's viability relies on five key building blocks: strong public support via the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN), approximately USD 1 billion in concessional financing from International Financial Institutions (IFIs) which reduced levelized costs by 25-30%, coordinated donor engagement, a risk allocation framework where the private developer bears construction/operational risk while the Government of Morocco bears revenue risk, and the application of lessons from previous CSP projects. While successful in its startup phase, the authors argue that long-term scalability in the MENA region will require further reductions in technology costs, the phasing out of fossil-fuel subsidies, and the establishment of renewable power exports to European markets through bilateral agreements and physical interconnector investments.

The document provides a framework for governments to assess how climate policies affect national budgets, focusing on the production side of fossil fuels and infrastructure. It details a five-step methodology: establishing a base case, developing scenarios, assessing policy impacts, allocating value between consumers and producers, and splitting value between government and commercial entities. The report applies this to Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Egypt, highlighting that oil assets are most sensitive to global demand shifts, while coal and gas are more influenced by regional dynamics and infrastructure. It recommends that governments reduce upfront capital commitments, adapt tax regimes, and diversify into low-carbon technologies to mitigate the risk of stranded assets.

The document examines how U.S. government-led research, simulation tools, and public-private partnerships between 1981 and 2011 drove significant improvements in diesel engine efficiency and emissions. It highlights the economic benefits of these investments, noting that less than $1 billion in funding generated over $70 billion in economic returns, while reducing heavy-duty truck emissions and increasing fuel economy.

The report argues that African cities face a critical choice between unsustainable 'business-as-usual' urban sprawl and a '3CR' model (compact, connected, clean, and resilient). Using economic modelling for 35 major cities in Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa, it demonstrates that while incremental investments of US$280 billion are needed by 2050, the net present value of benefits is significantly positive. It identifies systemic barriers—including poor municipal creditworthiness and restrictive national laws—and proposes four national enabling mechanisms and six specific financial instruments to unlock private and public capital.

The guidelines establish a comprehensive approach to managing fiscal risks arising from contingent liabilities in the MEFMI region. It distinguishes between explicit liabilities (such as loan guarantees and PPP commitments) and implicit liabilities (such as non-guaranteed SOE debt and natural disaster relief). The document details the legal and institutional frameworks required for oversight, the application and issuance processes for guarantees and on-lending, and a risk management framework centered on credit scoring and expected loss calculations. It further outlines requirements for data recording, monitoring cash flows, and adhering to international statistical and accounting standards for reporting.

The Green Buses project aims to transition Kathmandu Valley's public transport from fossil fuel dependence to a zero-emission eBRT system. The proposal requests USD 164 million from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) as part of a total indicative cost of USD 243 million. The project consists of three components: strengthening the policy and institutional framework via the creation of the Kathmandu Valley Public Transport Authority (KVPTA), constructing climate-resilient infrastructure including a 27 km Ring Road corridor and charging stations, and implementing a financial mechanism to support private operators in procuring a fleet of approximately 100 electric buses. The project expects to mitigate 870,000 tCO2e over 20 years by replacing conventional minibuses with electric alternatives powered by Nepal's hydropower-dominant grid.

The Accreditation Panel (AP) assessed PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur (PT SMI), a state-owned Indonesian entity, for GCF accreditation. While PT SMI has a track record in financing renewable energy and climate-resilient infrastructure, the AP found it only 'partially meets' several GCF fiduciary and environmental and social standards due to a recent transition in its business model. Consequently, the AP recommends accrediting PT SMI for 'small' project sizes and 'medium' environmental and social risk (Category B/I-2), rather than the 'large' size and 'high' risk (Category A/I-1) categories requested. Accreditation is conditional upon the applicant fulfilling several requirements, including formalizing its procurement framework, enhancing grant management, and demonstrating full application of its 2016 environmental, social, and gender guidelines.

The report argues that while South Africa has high national statistical capacity, local municipalities often lack the ICT infrastructure and technical expertise to leverage data. Using Cape Town and eThekwini as case studies, it highlights how private sector partnerships can address gaps in data relevance, platform usability, and public sector skills to improve service delivery and transparency.

The document defines Local Economic Development (LED) as a participatory, bottom-up process aimed at improving economic conditions for a locality. It argues that while Ghana has a decentralization agenda and a National LED Policy (2013), implementation is hindered by low awareness, inadequate technical guidance, and a lack of dedicated funding. The report suggests that MMDAs must shift from top-down approaches to collaborative partnerships with the private sector, leveraging human capital, ICT, and territory branding to reduce poverty and unemployment.