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This policy brief by Transforma argues that climate finance is essential for a just and resilient recovery in Mexico following the COVID-19 pandemic. It examines the current state of national and international climate funding, warns against the risks of the recent elimination of the Climate Change Fund (FCC), and provides specific recommendations for both the public and private sectors to align economic recovery with sustainability goals and international commitments.

This research paper analyzes the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and global climate change responses, arguing that the pandemic serves as a 'climate change parable' with systemic similarities. It explores how national recovery efforts can either bolster or undermine the goals of the Paris Agreement and the postponed COP 26 summit, providing recommendations for aligning economic stimulus with green transitions.

The Earth Negotiations Bulletin provides a comprehensive report on the 2019 Chile/Madrid Climate Change Conference (COP 25, CMP 15, CMA 2), which took place from 2 December to 15 December 2019. The conference was marked by significant delays, becoming the longest in UNFCCC history, and failed to reach consensus on several key issues, most notably the operationalization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. While some progress was made on loss and damage and gender, the overall outcome was viewed with disappointment by many delegates and civil society due to a perceived gap between scientific urgency and political delivery.

A briefing by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) providing a global temperature update as of December 2019, highlighting a significant gap between current government pledges and the Paris Agreement goals, while detailing trends in coal, natural gas, and renewable energy.

This guide explains Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which governs international carbon markets. It details how these markets allow countries to trade emissions reductions to meet their nationally determined contributions (NDCs), while highlighting critical risks such as double-counting and the need for additionality to ensure environmental integrity.

The 2019 report by the NewClimate Institute analyzes the impact of climate mitigation commitments from cities, regions, and businesses, specifically focusing on ten major emitting economies and 17 international cooperative initiatives (ICIs). It finds that while individual actor commitments provide modest reductions, ICIs offer the most significant potential to close the global emissions gap to 2°C by 2030.

This research paper by the NewClimate Institute outlines a ten-point agenda to increase global mitigation ambition, arguing that current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement's 1.5°C goal. It emphasizes the need for a whole-economy approach to decarbonization and the alignment of financial flows with zero-carbon development.

This briefing note from the Center for International Environmental Law outlines the international legal frameworks and specific UNFCCC entry points for promoting public participation and access to information in climate policies. It emphasizes the need for procedural rights to prevent harm to communities, particularly within the mechanisms of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and suggests ways to enhance the inclusivity of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the intergovernmental negotiating process.

This guide examines how retail tariff policies and subsidy designs can be used to increase revenues for private mini-grid operators, aiming to make energy access more sustainable and profitable in un-electrified communities.

A study by the NewClimate Institute comparing projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in G20 economies under current policies against their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) targets.

This report analyzes options for operationalising the requirement under Article 6.4(d) of the Paris Agreement to deliver an overall mitigation in global emissions, specifically providing technical support to Saint Lucia for international negotiations.

This report by the NewClimate Institute evaluates the progress of G20 countries in transitioning from fossil-fuel-based economies to low-carbon, climate-resilient ones, highlighting a significant gap between current national commitments and the goals of the Paris Agreement.

This briefing from the World Resources Institute discusses the necessity of developing a robust 'rulebook' (implementing guidelines) for the Paris Agreement to ensure effective international climate action and to bridge the gap between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the goal of limiting global temperature rise to 2 degrees C.

The Climate Action Tracker (CAT) provides input for the Talanoa Dialogue, assessing global greenhouse gas emissions targets and the necessary sectoral transformations required to meet the Paris Agreement's warming limits.

This policy brief, produced for the SEI-led project "Private Sector Finance for NDC Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PRINDCISSA), examines the role of the private sector in financing climate change mitigation in Sub-Saharan Africa. It focuses on financial instruments backed by the UNFCCC and a specific national programme in South Africa to determine how the public sector can most efficiently incentivise private investment to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs).

This synthesis paper by the Climate Policy Initiative proposes a systems thinking approach to optimize international public climate finance. It identifies systemic barriers in developing countries—such as short-termism in banking and capital volatility—and argues that international public actors must shift from a project-finance focus to a financial system development focus to effectively leverage private capital and meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This RMI insight brief argues that the global climate finance system must evolve from a focus on 'direct access' to multilateral funds toward establishing national institutions, specifically Green Investment Banks (GIBs), to ensure true country ownership. The authors posit that for large emerging markets, national GIBs can better mobilize domestic private capital and coordinate financial flows to achieve nationally determined commitments (NDCs) than current international structures.

This briefing by the Center for International Environmental Law reviews the status of human rights, gender equality, and other social considerations within the negotiations for the Paris Agreement's implementation guidelines as of February 2018. It analyzes four key agenda items—Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Adaptation Communications, the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), and the Global Stocktake (GST)—detailing the proposals made by various countries and the extent to which these social dimensions were reflected in the co-facilitators' notes following COP-23.

This executive summary from the 2018 'Brown to Green' report analyzes the progress of G20 countries toward a low-carbon economy. It highlights a significant gap between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the goals of the Paris Agreement, noting that G20 energy-related CO2 emissions began increasing again in 2017 and that 82% of the G20 energy supply remains dependent on fossil fuels.

This guide from the World Resources Institute provides a glossary of 23 key terms and acronyms essential for understanding the climate negotiations at COP23, focusing on the implementation of the Paris Agreement.