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This guide provides a series of structured 'Litigation Notes' designed to help legal practitioners integrate the findings of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) July 23, 2025, Advisory Opinion (AO) on States' obligations regarding climate change into domestic, regional, and international court cases. The document breaks down the ICJ AO by key themes—including government framework cases, adaptation, remedies and reparations, the right to a healthy environment, corporate conduct, climate financing, speculative interventions, and regulatory rollbacks—providing specific excerpts from the opinion and illustrating their application through existing and potential litigation categories.

This research paper argues that African nations must shift from an export-oriented 'Kyoto mindset'—which risks exploitative 'carbon grabs' and low credit pricing—to a 'Paris mindset' that prioritizes domestic carbon markets to meet National Determined Contributions (NDCs). The author outlines a five-pillar readiness framework for sovereign market development and analyzes the current progress of several African countries in implementing Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.

A guide published by CIEL and other organizations detailing how the International Court of Justice's July 2025 Advisory Opinion on climate change obligations can be used by negotiators at COP30 to increase climate ambition and accountability.

This briefing by the Stockholm Environment Institute describes how integrating the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) and Water Evaluation and Adaptation Planning (WEAP) tools, alongside macroeconomic modelling, allows governments to plan for climate-resilient development by analyzing the interdependencies between water and energy systems.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics argues for the creation of a comprehensive, quantitative global pathway for food systems transformation, similar to the IEA's energy sector roadmap. It highlights that while food systems contribute over 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions, existing frameworks are fragmented, lack legal enforceability, and often omit critical areas such as the reduction of animal-sourced product consumption and biodiversity targets.

This guide by the Climate Bonds Initiative provides a framework for investors to evaluate and engage with sovereign transition plans. It outlines key elements of credible planning, including science-based targets, detailed investment and policy roadmaps, and robust governance and transparency measures, aiming to help investors assess the long-term sustainability of sovereign asset exposures.

This global communiqué, issued in March 2025 during the SEforALL Global Forum in Barbados, records the consensus of ministers and representatives from 28 countries on accelerating a just and inclusive energy transition. The document emphasizes the need for increased development finance to eradicate energy poverty and the importance of country-specific transition plans to attract investment aligned with net-zero goals.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics argues that progress toward net zero is overestimated due to inconsistencies in how land-based carbon accounting is handled in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) compared to IPCC methods. It highlights that current NDCs rely on unrealistic land-based removal targets that ignore ecological limits, social risks, and the declining ability of natural sinks to store carbon under rising temperatures.

This guide from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), originally published on the weADAPT platform, outlines eight primary topics expected to dominate the COP29 climate conference in Baku, Azerbaijan. The document highlights the conference's role in shaping global climate policy, specifically focusing on the establishment of new financial goals, the operationalization of loss and damage funds, and the intensification of national climate commitments.

This report by Ember analyzes the gap between national renewable energy targets and the global goal to triple renewable capacity by 2030, as agreed upon at COP28. It finds that while market forecasts for solar and battery storage are surging, government targets have remained largely stagnant, collectively aiming only for a doubling of capacity rather than a tripling.

This research paper by the Africa Policy Research Institute examines strategies for reducing methane emissions in global agriculture, emphasizing the need for equitable policies that balance climate goals with food security and economic development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

This policy brief by the NewClimate Institute examines the inclusion of non-CO2 emissions (methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases) in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), highlighting a general lack of gas-specific quantitative targets and focusing on the potential for China to increase its ambition in the next NDC cycle.

This report by Global Energy Monitor analyzes the power sector transition in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) region, highlighting a significant gap between stated renewable energy targets and actual project pipelines. It finds that fossil fuel capacity is being built at more than three times the rate of wind and utility-scale solar, with oil and gas leading the buildout. The report specifically critiques COP29 host Azerbaijan for low ambition in its renewable energy plans and a continued reliance on gas.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) outlines the methodology used to estimate 'bottom-up' climate finance needs, which are the financial requirements stated by countries in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to reach national climate targets.

This executive summary details a high-level roundtable convened on March 1, 2024, to establish a climate finance dialogue agenda during Brazil's G20 presidency. The document outlines a roadmap for Brazil to leverage its leadership in the G20, BRICS, and COP30 to reform the international financial architecture, promote 'country platforms' for investment, and address gaps in adaptation and nature finance to support Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs).

This report, published by the Climate Policy Initiative in April 2024, outlines a strategic agenda for Brazil to lead global climate finance discussions during its G20 presidency and leading up to COP30. It identifies systemic gaps in climate funding for emerging markets and proposes specific reforms to the international financial architecture, the implementation of national platforms for investment, and the integration of social justice and nature-based financing into the global economic discourse.

This report, produced by the Global Climate and Health Alliance in consultation with the international health and climate community, provides nine detailed recommendations for COP29 in Baku. It argues that climate change undermines global health progress and calls for the translation of the COP28 UAE Declaration on Climate and Health into concrete outcomes through ambitious mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage responses, underpinned by significant financial commitments.

A report by the Global Climate and Health Alliance providing nine strategic recommendations for COP29 to integrate human health into climate negotiations, focusing on the implementation of the COP28 UAE Declaration on Climate and Health.

This briefing provides recommendations to enhance synergies between climate and biodiversity international agendas, specifically targeting the 16th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), UNFCCC COP29, and COP30. It identifies five key opportunities: improving monitoring indicators for the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), aligning national biodiversity and climate plans, increasing collaboration between scientific bodies (IPBES and IPCC), establishing a joint work program among the Rio Conventions, and formalizing the role of CBD Action Agenda High-Level Champions.

This report evaluates how China, India, and Vietnam translate their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) into national transport strategies and policies, emphasizing the need for better coordination across governance levels and policy areas to achieve decarbonization.