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The report examines the barriers to private capital investment for waste-sector methane reduction in emerging markets and proposes a framework to identify high-impact, low-risk investment hubs.

This briefing by Zero Carbon Analytics, written with Africa Climate Insights, examines the critical shortfall in climate adaptation finance for Africa and developing nations. It argues that public finance must remain the primary driver of adaptation due to the 'less bankable' nature of adaptation projects compared to mitigation and the high debt distress in African economies.

The Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025 summary handout reports that global climate finance reached a record USD 1.9 trillion in 2023, driven largely by private sector growth. Despite this increase, a significant gap remains between current flows and the investment needed to meet global climate goals, with mitigation finance dominating the landscape while adaptation finance saw a decline in 2023.

The report identifies a systemic failure in the financial sector's climate governance chain, noting that despite net-zero pledges, USD 3.7 trillion still flows annually into fossil fuels. It proposes an "impact levers" framework to move financial institutions, regulators, and cooperative initiatives from voluntary commitments to enforceable, Paris-aligned actions.

This research paper examines voluntary biodiversity credits (VBCs) as a mechanism to bridge the global biodiversity funding gap. It argues that because the standalone business case for VBCs is currently weak, they should be integrated into hybrid financing models—such as carbon markets and debt-for-nature swaps—to attract private investment and ensure scalable conservation outcomes.

The Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) report 'Tracking and Mobilizing Private Sector Climate Adaptation Finance' introduces a new methodology and taxonomy to better track private sector investments in climate adaptation. By utilizing a bespoke taxonomy and a machine learning model, CPI increased the annual average of tracked private adaptation finance for the 2019-2022 period from USD 1 billion to USD 4.7 billion. The report identifies significant data gaps, particularly among insurers and pension funds, and highlights that the majority of tracked project-level investment is concentrated in the water and sanitation sector.

This executive summary outlines pathways to increase private investment in natural infrastructure within the Canadian Prairies to address a growing water-related infrastructure funding gap.

The Resilient Agriculture Innovations for Nature (RAIN) Challenge is a joint initiative by the Global Resilience Partnership (GRP) and Shockwave Foundation to identify and scale innovative, nature-positive agricultural solutions in East Africa. The program provides selected winners with mentoring, leadership training, and connections to private investors to transform seed-level ideas into sustainable, funding-ready businesses.

This report by Boston Consulting Group (BCG), the Global Resilience Partnership, and USAID outlines the business case for private sector investment in climate adaptation and resilience. It identifies three primary opportunities: 'Protecting' existing assets and supply chains, 'Growing' the market for adaptation solutions, and 'Participating' in public sector implementation. The analysis emphasizes that adaptation is no longer a theoretical risk but a business imperative, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs), where investments often yield high benefit-to-cost ratios.

The 'Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2023' executive summary reports that average annual climate finance flows reached nearly USD 1.3 trillion in 2021/2022, nearly doubling from 2019/2020 levels. Despite this growth, current flows represent only about 1% of global GDP and remain heavily concentrated in a few geographies and sectors, primarily mitigation in energy and transport. The report emphasizes a massive gap between current flows and the estimated annual needs, which are projected to rise from USD 8.1 trillion to over USD 10 trillion by 2031-2050 to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the barriers and success factors for attracting private sector capital into urban climate investments in emerging economies. It identifies obstacles across macro, city, and project levels and provides a framework of recommendations for city governments, public sector partners, and private/third sector entities to improve local enabling conditions.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes the financing landscape for highway and railroad projects in Brazil's North Region and nationwide between 2012 and 2021. It identifies a heavy reliance on public funding, particularly from the federal government and BNDES, while noting a growing but still limited role for private capital via incentivized debentures. The report emphasizes that infrastructure in the Amazon is a primary driver of deforestation and calls for strengthened governance, increased transparency, and rigorous socio-environmental criteria to ensure that future investments do not cause further ecological damage.

This briefing paper by FSD Africa examines the necessity and mechanisms for mobilising private finance to preserve and restore natural capital across Africa. It identifies a significant annual financing gap of over $100 billion and proposes a 'triple bottom line' investment approach focusing on landscape financing, restorative agriculture, and sustainable supply chains. The document outlines the roles of various stakeholders, including central banks, international development partners, and impact investors, in creating a 'natural capital aligned' investor base through green bonds, carbon credits, and specialist funds.

This report update by the Climate Policy Initiative tracks the growth and evolution of climate commitments by private financial institutions to align with the Paris Agreement and achieve net zero emissions by 2050, specifically analyzing trends following COP26.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) analyzes global adaptation finance flows for 2015-2016, identifying a significant reliance on public development finance and highlighting critical data gaps in private and domestic public sector tracking. It evaluates the alignment of these flows with regional and country-level vulnerabilities and provides recommendations for improving tracking methodologies to better inform investment.

The 2020 Goal 8 Assessment highlights a significant gap between the climate mitigation potential of forests and the financial investment they receive, noting that public finance for forests is dwarfed by investments in renewable energy and domestic 'grey' financing for agriculture.

This briefing by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) examines the challenges of tracking global adaptation finance and proposes a new framework and technical methodologies to better capture these flows, particularly within the private and domestic public sectors.

The 2019 Energizing Finance report by Climate Policy Initiative and Sustainable Energy for All analyzes finance commitments for electrification and clean cooking in 20 high-impact countries (HICs). It finds that current investment levels are severely insufficient to meet Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) by 2030, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and highlights a critical funding gap for clean cooking and a continued, though slightly declining, reliance on fossil fuel investments.

This synthesis paper by the Climate Policy Initiative proposes a systems thinking approach to optimize international public climate finance. It identifies systemic barriers in developing countries—such as short-termism in banking and capital volatility—and argues that international public actors must shift from a project-finance focus to a financial system development focus to effectively leverage private capital and meet Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative proposes a systems thinking framework to accelerate climate finance by analyzing the interactions between international public finance actors and domestic financial systems in developing countries. It identifies systemic trends, catalogues the roles of various financial actors, and provides a methodology for mapping system dynamics to optimize coordination and collaboration.