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The report highlights a significant gap between current EU agricultural emissions trends and the 2030 and 2050 climate targets. It identifies the absence of agriculture from the EU Taxonomy as a major barrier to defining sustainable activities. The author proposes repurposing the CAP, which accounts for approximately 30% of the EU budget, to fund a transition that requires an estimated annual public investment of EUR 155bn to reduce emissions by 53% by 2050. Key recommendations include adopting science-based sectoral criteria, reforming payment structures to reward green practices, and potentially extending the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to agrifood products to prevent carbon leakage.

ClientEarth warns that Brazilian Bill 490/2007 restricts Indigenous land demarcation to areas occupied by 1988, potentially impacting over 300 pending cases and increasing vulnerability to illegal land grabbing. The organization argues that denying these rights threatens biodiversity in the Amazon and Cerrado, contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions.

The report outlines a stepwise process for EU Member States to develop National Restoration Plans (NRPs) to meet the legally binding targets of the Nature Restoration Law (NRL), which aims to restore 20% of land and sea areas by 2030 and all degraded ecosystems by 2050. It details legal requirements for monitoring, quantification, and stakeholder engagement, while emphasizing the need for policy coherence with the Renewable Energy Directive, Common Agricultural Policy, and Common Fisheries Policy. The document provides 14 specific recommendations to ensure NRPs are ambitious, evidence-based, and well-funded through a mix of public and private sources.

ClientEarth opposes a Brazilian bill that would restrict the legal recognition of Indigenous territories to lands occupied as of 1988. The organization argues this 'marco temporal' thesis violates human rights and threatens critical ecosystems like the Amazon and Cerrado, which are essential for global carbon sequestration.

The report examines Kenya's path toward a low-carbon economy, highlighting that while a net-zero transition offers economic opportunities and green jobs, it risks marginalizing vulnerable groups—particularly women, youth, and informal workers—if not managed inclusively. It analyzes sector-specific risks in agriculture, energy, transport, industry, forestry, waste, and tourism, noting that while Kenya has a robust legal framework via the Climate Change Act (2016), just transition objectives are not yet mainstreamed into primary development plans like Vision 2030. The document advocates for stakeholder engagement, social protection, and gender-sensitive policies to ensure the transition reduces existing inequalities rather than compounding them.

The Climate Smart Shrimp Fund (CSSF) is a financial mechanism designed to help shrimp farmers increase production efficiency and climate resilience while restoring mangrove ecosystems. The fund consists of a technical assistance facility for training and certification and a revolving debt facility for infrastructure upgrades. Following pilot programs in Indonesia, Ecuador, and the Philippines, the fund seeks various forms of capital, including grants and equity, to scale its operations.

The report identifies a significant opportunity for carbon capture in the Brazilian Amazon, estimating that natural regeneration of deforested areas could sequester up to 26 GtCO₂. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM), a jurisdictional results-based payment system, which could mobilize up to US$ 784 billion over 30 years at a carbon price of US$ 50 per ton. The RDM is presented as a complementary tool alongside JREDD+ (focused on reducing deforestation) and the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF, focused on conserving standing forests) to help Brazil meet its NDC targets and transition to a low-carbon economy.

The report identifies four priority sub-sectors for green investment in India: Green Hydrogen, Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), and Waste Management & Material Circularity. It highlights a significant investment gap, noting that India may face a shortfall of $3.5 trillion to achieve its net-zero target. For Green Hydrogen, the report emphasizes the need to reduce costs from above $4/kg to $2/kg to achieve economic viability. In the BESS sector, it projects annual battery demand between 106 GWh and 260 GWh by 2030. Climate Smart Agriculture is presented as a critical area for both mitigation and adaptation, though currently underfunded in upstream and on-farm solutions. Waste Management is highlighted as a $45 billion market opportunity by 2030, with a specific focus on the growing potential of lithium-ion battery recycling. The document also argues for the urgent scaling of private adaptation financing, noting that 80% of key adaptation markets in India are currently nascent or mid-level.

The report finds that EU member states are failing to responsibly govern negative emissions, often relying on vulnerable land-based sinks that are declining due to climate impacts. It highlights a systemic lack of separate, binding targets for permanent CDR and a failure to clearly define 'residual emissions' that CDR is intended to balance. While some countries like Sweden and Germany have initiated research or funding for bio-CCS, the report argues that most plans lack feasibility assessments and conflate permanent removals with fossil-fuel-related carbon capture and storage (CCS).

Carbon Market Watch opposes Verra's proposed "tonne-year accounting" method, which would allow projects storing carbon temporarily to issue credits based on the duration of storage (e.g., 100 tonnes for 1 year equals 1 credit). The organization argues this approach is logically flawed regarding radiative forcing, incompatible with finite global carbon budgets, and creates a risk where short-term benefits are prioritized over long-term climate costs. Additionally, it warns that the method could encourage selection bias, allowing high-risk projects to avoid long-term monitoring requirements.

The report evaluates the Greenhouse Gas Protocol's Land Sector and Removals Standard (LSRS), a framework for corporate accounting of land-based emissions and carbon removals. While praising the mandate for separate accounting of emissions and removals, the authors identify critical weaknesses: the voluntary nature of removals reporting and a provision that may allow the SBTi's FLAG Guidance—which permits netting—to take precedence. The analysis also criticizes the inclusion of enhanced oil and gas recovery, the lack of mandatory measurement-based quantification, and loopholes in 'physical traceability' via non-proportional mass balance. The report concludes with recommendations to make removals reporting mandatory, exclude fossil fuel recovery, and assert the LSRS's primacy over other target-setting frameworks.

The document asserts that fossil and biological carbon operate on fundamentally different timescales and cycles, making them non-fungible. While fossil carbon is permanent, biological carbon is subject to rapid fluxes and risks of reversibility from fires, pests, or rising temperatures. The author contends that relying on biological offsets to mitigate fossil emissions is scientifically unsound and practically limited by land area and nutrient requirements, concluding that emissions from both sources must be addressed in parallel rather than through offsetting.

The document evaluates the Paris Agreement as a positive step that increased global ambition to limit warming to 1.5ºC, though it notes that current Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) remain inadequate. It details the creation of three frameworks under Article 6 for carbon markets and non-market approaches, while warning against the use of temporary land-use carbon sequestration to justify continued fossil pollution. The analysis highlights gaps in climate finance, the lack of explicit mandates for international aviation and shipping, and the historic inclusion of human rights in the preamble.

The document outlines how biodiversity loss in forests undermines societal stability and global security. It identifies five key mechanisms: the role of pollinators and seed dispersers in food security, the capacity of diverse forests for carbon storage to mitigate climate change, the function of healthy forests in flood prevention, the reduction of zoonotic disease spillover through intact ecosystems, and the overall resilience of biodiverse systems against disturbances.

The document argues that New York's Draft Scoping Plan (DSP) relies too heavily on industry-biased accounting and voluntary measures. It recommends prioritizing forest preservation over harvesting, eliminating forest-based carbon offsets, implementing mandatory methane regulations for large concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), and adopting specific statewide targets for soil health practices.

The fact sheet outlines ten agricultural practices that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sequestration in the U.S., noting that current adoption rates for many of these methods remain low. It highlights the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change and proposes the Agriculture Resilience Act (H.R. 5861) as a policy mechanism to achieve net zero emissions from agriculture by 2040 through increased research, funding, and incentives.

The report provides a comprehensive list of public laws from 2017 to 2022 that address climate adaptation, focusing heavily on national security, disaster relief, and infrastructure resilience. Key legislative trends include the integration of climate risk into Department of Defense (DoD) planning, the expansion of pre-disaster mitigation funding through the Disaster Recovery Reform Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and targeted conservation efforts for forests, wetlands, and the Arctic. The document details specific mandates for flood mapping, sea-level rise projections for military installations, and the creation of specialized funds for community resilience and drought management.

A briefing by Friends of the Earth International criticizing the climate-related goals in the first draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, specifically the target of mitigating 10 gigatonnes of CO2 equivalent.

A joint technical briefing by several climate justice organisations arguing that 'net zero' targets are used by governments and corporations to disguise climate inaction, greenwash business-as-usual, and shift the burden of carbon sequestration to the global South.

This briefing by Friends of the Earth International critiques Target 8 of the first draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, arguing that it prioritizes climate goals over biodiversity conservation.