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This research paper by the Climate Policy Initiative/PUC-Rio analyzes the total public cost of rural credit in Brazil between 2023 and 2025. It argues that the actual cost to society is nearly five times higher than the typically reported interest rate subsidies, as it includes tax benefits, public funding sources, and debt renegotiations. The study highlights significant gaps in transparency, low focalization on social and environmental goals, and regulatory asymmetries between different funding sources.

An introductory report on Malawi's development trajectory, detailing its long-term vision for industrialization, current socio-economic challenges, and severe fiscal pressures exacerbated by climatic shocks and the loss of international funding.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes energy support measures in Indonesia from 2016 to 2024, highlighting a heavy fiscal reliance on fossil fuel subsidies that undermines the country's energy transition and carbon pricing efforts.

The report 'Mapping India’s Energy Policy 2026' analyzes the fiscal impact of energy subsidies in India, highlighting a significant imbalance where fossil fuel subsidies were three times higher than clean energy subsidies in FY 25. It examines how electricity subsidies burden state budgets and utilities, the fiscal vulnerability caused by LPG import dependence during geopolitical crises, and the impact of fuel excise duty cuts on government revenue and EV adoption.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes India's energy transition through the lens of public finance, focusing on government support, revenues, and the role of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) for fiscal year 2023–2024 (FY 2024).

This executive summary analyzes the transition from subsidized liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to non-fossil cooking solutions in Indonesia. It identifies induction cooking as the most viable alternative for on-grid households due to its cost-effectiveness compared to unsubsidized LPG and its alignment with decarbonization goals. The document argues that reforming regressive LPG subsidies can create the fiscal space necessary to fund the capital investments required for induction adoption, while emphasizing the need for electricity tariff reform and the integration of gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) to ensure an equitable transition.

This research paper analyzes the potential for African countries to finance climate mitigation and adaptation by redirecting explicit fossil fuel subsidies (EFFS) and increasing environmental taxes. While these domestic fiscal tools can contribute approximately 1.7% and 1.1% of Africa's GDP respectively, the author concludes they are insufficient to close the continent's overall climate finance gap of 5–10% of GDP. The paper recommends establishing independent fuel reserve authorities to stabilize prices and adopting gradual subsidy withdrawal strategies to avoid social unrest and inflation.

This research paper analyzes clean cooking policies across G20 countries, arguing that the current reliance on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidies is financially unsustainable, often fails to reach the poorest populations, and contradicts net-zero goals. The authors advocate for redirecting these subsidies toward electric cooking and renewable energy alternatives to achieve universal access by 2030.

This concept note from the Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) critiques the South African National Treasury's reliance on austerity and its resistance to implementing wealth taxes. The document argues that the government's claims regarding high statutory tax rates are misleading due to extensive tax breaks and corporate tax avoidance, and suggests that expanding the fiscal envelope through wealth taxation and the strategic use of the Government Employees Pension Fund (GEPF) is necessary to address extreme poverty and fund a green industrial transition.

The 'Phasing out plan for fossil fuel subsidies' is a report by the Netherlands Ministry of Climate Policy and Green Growth, published in October 2025. It outlines the Dutch government's strategy to eliminate fossil fuel subsidies through a 'Whole of Government Approach,' focusing on international cooperation, European Union alignment, and national policy adjustments. The plan emphasizes the 'polluter pays' principle and utilizes both an 'external costs approach' and an 'inventory approach' to identify and quantify fossil fuel benefits, which amounted to 18.0 billion euros in 2024.

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) argues that South Africa's upcoming 'Budget 3.0' must abandon austerity and spending cuts in favor of progressive revenue-raising measures to support inclusive growth and protect vulnerable populations.

This research paper proposes a worker-centric climate response for South Africa, emphasizing state-led financing through a dedicated climate response fund to ensure an equitable transition to a green economy.

This research paper by the Institute for Economic Justice argues for a state-led, assertive fiscal approach to South Africa's climate response, critiquing the current reliance on the blended finance model. The author proposes the creation of a Climate Response Fund, financed through a combination of carbon tax reforms, earmarked levies, and public sector efficiency savings, to ensure a worker-centric and equitable transition.

This policy brief by the Institute for Economic Justice argues that South Africa must adopt a more assertive domestic fiscal policy to address the climate crisis, rather than relying primarily on blended finance models. The author proposes a suite of domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) measures to generate approximately R100bn annually for climate priorities, focusing on state-led infrastructure, carbon pricing, and the creation of a dedicated climate response fund to ensure equity for workers and vulnerable households.

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) submitted a report to the South African Parliament on February 26, 2024, criticizing the 2024 Budget for continuing a decade of austerity and budget cuts. The IEJ argues that the National Treasury's focus on debt stabilization and primary budget surpluses sacrifices public services and long-term economic growth, recommending instead a human-rights based fiscal approach with increased spending on social grants, public employment, and infrastructure.

The Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ) challenges the National Treasury's claim that South Africa is in an unprecedented fiscal crisis. The IEJ argues that current revenue shortfalls and expenditure overruns are consistent with historical norms and are partly the result of poor planning and political choices. While debt service costs are high, the IEJ asserts that debt-to-GDP ratios remain in line with peer emerging markets and that indiscriminate budget cuts would hinder economic growth and worsen long-term fiscal stability.

This policy brief by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines how Indonesia can reallocate fossil fuel subsidies and taxes to fund a green recovery and accelerate its energy transition. It proposes redirecting these funds toward renewable energy deployment, grid modernization, energy access in remote areas, and energy efficiency measures to meet national climate targets.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development provides an inventory of energy support measures in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020, analyzing whether fiscal policies align with the country's goal of reaching net-zero emissions by 2060.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development analyzes fossil fuel subsidies in four Canadian provinces—Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador—highlighting how these subsidies undermine climate targets and divert public funds.

This policy brief analyzes the fiscal implications of the gradual phase-out of coal production in Colombia, focusing on the role of royalties and the economic vulnerability of producing regions like Cesar and La Guajira. It examines production trends, international trade dynamics, and the impact of the General Royalties System (SGR) reform, concluding that current policy measures are insufficient to offset the projected decline in coal demand and revenue.