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The study analyzes LULC trends in Turkana, Narok, West Pokot, and Elgeyo Marakwet counties, finding that achieving a 10% forest cover target yields the most favorable environmental and agricultural outcomes by 2050. It warns against the 'Shamba system' of forest-to-cropland conversion and highlights the threat of invasive species, particularly Prosopis juliflora, in arid regions.

The report analyzes seven categories of enclosure-based and open measurement methods for greenhouse gas emissions in sanitation systems. It finds that while enclosure-based methods like flux chambers are widely used, they are limited by scale. Emerging optical and remote sensing methods offer broader coverage but are constrained by high costs. The document highlights a critical lack of empirical data for non-sewered sanitation in low- and middle-income countries and advocates for standardized, affordable methodologies and increased collaboration to improve national greenhouse gas inventories.

The study analyzes land-system changes in the Gran Chaco from 1985 to 2015 and simulates futures up to 2045 across nine scenarios. It finds that the 'Agribusiness' narrative leads to the most severe social-ecological impacts, with 10% of the region already following this pathway. Potential hotspots for vegetation loss include western and southern Argentinian Chaco and western Paraguayan Chaco. The authors argue that stricter land-use and conservation planning are necessary to protect the region's biodiversity, carbon density, and forest-dependent communities.

The authors contend that the EU is experiencing a 'U-turn' in climate commitment due to the rise of far-right political forces and security concerns stemming from Russia's war in Ukraine. They argue that current EU-level policies are 'dangerously inadequate' to protect European lives and livelihoods from catastrophic threats. The text highlights that while some industries and farmers have protested sustainability provisions, the economic costs of climate-induced supply chain disruptions—estimated up to $25 trillion globally over 35 years—far outweigh the costs of regulation. The authors urge policymakers to view climate change as a 'systemic threat' rather than focusing solely on near-term risks.

The case study examines how the 2020 flooding of Lake Naivasha and subsequent water level rise exacerbated vulnerabilities in the Kihoto informal settlement. Findings indicate that the combined impact of floods, displacement, and the COVID-19 pandemic severely eroded long-term resilience, particularly for women aged 18-35 and those employed in horticulture and agriculture. The report highlights that a lack of official response capacity and limited access to basic services like sanitation and healthcare further increased displacement risks and slowed economic recovery.

The report analyzes flood control projects and resilience indicators across Asia to establish a specific flood resilience index for South Korea. This index is designed to assess the capacity of local governments in flood-prone areas to implement prevention and recovery efforts, providing a basis for domestic policy direction.

The report highlights that while the EU has reduced territorial emissions, it has become a net importer of CO2 emissions since 2015, with a significant portion of its carbon footprint originating outside its borders, particularly from China, Russia, the United States, and India.

The document argues that the EU's territorial emission reductions underestimate its true carbon footprint due to emissions embedded in imports. It identifies food, housing, and mobility as primary consumption 'hotspots' and calls for a shift from a focus on production efficiency to policies that target consumption patterns and behavioral change. Key barriers include a lack of standardized monitoring and supply chain transparency, while opportunities lie in leveraging the EU's market influence to set common CBE targets and support developing countries in transitioning to low-carbon production.

The document examines textile waste management in Estonia in the context of the European Union’s Waste Framework Directive, which mandates separate textile waste collection by 2025. It highlights a significant gap in Estonia's current infrastructure, noting that while some industrial textile waste is recycled, there is no capacity for post-consumer textile waste recycling.

The research examines the role of financing in the transition of energy-intensive industrial sectors to low-carbon production in Sweden. It finds that capital investment size and financing availability are not perceived as significant obstacles, largely because the studied companies are large, well-established corporates with access to conventional finance, benefit from strong EU market demand, and are in early technology development stages. Despite this, the authors note that public actors remain essential for reducing investment risks and accelerating the transition pace.

The paper argues for a shift in climate services from a product-oriented approach to a transdisciplinary knowledge co-production process centered on collaborative learning, drawing on six years of experience from the FRACTAL project in southern African cities.

Island states are transitioning from imported fossil fuels to decentralized renewable energy solutions to address energy insecurity caused by geographic isolation and climate-induced hydrometeorological hazards. The research argues that leveraging local solar, wind, and bioenergy resources can create more reliable energy supplies and reduce the vulnerability of fragile grid-based distribution systems.

This report, part of the 2024 Global Report on Climate and SDG Synergy, is designed to assist senior government officials in coordinating and integrating climate and sustainable development policies. It focuses on providing decision-making tools and country-specific examples to ensure coherence in domestic planning. The broader 2024 edition seeks to accelerate action through four entry points: policy frameworks, knowledge and data, a proposed new financial system, and cities.

The study examines the drivers and barriers to the adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) across five European production systems, incorporating perspectives from a wide range of stakeholders beyond just farmers. The primary drivers for adoption are economic, institutional/policy, and personal/psychological factors, while the main barriers are economic, technology-related, and institutional/policy factors. Stakeholders suggest that overcoming these hurdles requires financial support, policy reform, capacity-building, and improved coordination and communication strategies to make CSA practices more attractive to farmers.

The study evaluates four scenarios—Business-as-usual (BAU), Renewable Methane (REN-Methane), Renewable Hydrogen (REN-Hydrogen), and Cost Minimal (CM)—for the Baltic-Finland region. It finds that a 100% decarbonized gas supply is possible by 2040 under the CM scenario, which is also the most economically advantageous. The transition requires significant scaling of biomethane and renewable hydrogen, supported by substantial onshore and offshore wind capacity. The report recommends regional coordination on infrastructure, harmonized certification for low-carbon gases, and the potential banning of new fossil fuel boiler installations to meet 2050 net decarbonization goals.

The report evaluates pathways to decarbonise the Baltic-Finnish gas market, comparing a business-as-usual approach with renewable methane, renewable hydrogen, and cost-minimising scenarios. It finds that full decarbonisation by 2050 is possible, with the cost-minimising scenario offering the highest economic benefits, including a 44% reduction in total system costs and the creation of over 20,000 jobs. The analysis emphasises the critical role of onshore and offshore wind energy to power hydrogen production and suggests that existing LNG terminals can be repurposed for synthetic methane and bio-LNG. Key recommendations include regional integration of gas markets, harmonised certification for renewable gases, and the potential legal ban on connecting new buildings to the natural gas grid.

The policy brief outlines ten key developments bringing the ocean to the forefront of global priorities, including the 2025 UN Ocean Conference, the BBNJ Agreement, and the role of ocean-based climate solutions. It highlights the increasing need for marine spatial planning to manage competing interests like energy production and deep-sea mining, and notes how climate change is creating new security risks and geopolitical tensions, particularly in the Arctic. The text also emphasizes the importance of 'source-to-sea' approaches in biodiversity and plastic pollution treaties, and the legal victories of small island states in recognizing greenhouse gases as marine pollutants.

The study examines the impact of informal institutions—specifically patronage and clientelism—on the distribution of international adaptation finance in Madagascar and Mauritius. Based on 105 interviews, the authors find that while these informal institutions strongly influenced decision-making in both countries, the projects differed in their ability to reach 'particularly vulnerable' communities. The authors suggest that adaptation organizations adopt an 'imperfect equity' approach to better navigate informal institutions and improve long-term accountability.

The document describes the use of a Serious Game (SG) to address challenges in participatory watershed management in Colombia's Campoalegre River basin. By providing an interactive platform, the SG helps bridge knowledge gaps caused by limited baseline data and monitoring, allowing local actors and decision-makers to better understand the basin and prioritize management actions. The application of the SG resulted in improved stakeholder understanding, increased participation, and the generation of actionable inputs for water management planning policies.

The FSD Program addresses the funding gap for the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals by shifting focus from the supply side of finance to the demand side. By analyzing firm-level investment decisions in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), the program identifies the enabling conditions and blended-finance instruments—such as guarantees and risk mitigation—necessary to make sustainable projects attractive to private investors. This micro-level evidence is then used to inform macro-level global and regional policy frameworks.