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The document outlines a framework for managing FX risk in EMDEs, detailing commercial and concessional hedging tools such as forwards, swaps, and options. It highlights the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) and specialized facilities like TCX, Eco Invest Brasil, and the Delta Platform in providing affordable risk mitigation. The guide also specifies the internal, regulatory, and financial market capacity requirements necessary for countries to effectively deploy these instruments, while identifying high costs and tenor mismatches as primary barriers to uptake.

The Green Affordable Housing Finance instrument, piloted by Reall, aims to create a self-sustaining housing finance ecosystem for climate-smart affordable homes. It employs a dual-facility approach: an Enabling Environment Facility (EEF) providing technical assistance and construction finance to developers and lenders, and a Guarantee Facility to de-risk construction and mortgage loans. The instrument targets populations with low and informal incomes and requires all supported homes to meet industry standard green certification. During its five-year pilot in Kenya, the Guarantee Facility is expected to mobilize USD 37 million in lending, with a long-term scale-up goal of supporting over USD 400 million in local private loans over 15 years.

The document highlights a severe shortfall in adaptation finance for Africa, where annual flows of USD 11.4 billion (2019-2020) fall far short of an estimated need of at least USD 52.7 billion. It warns that missing these investments could result in USD 6 trillion in foregone economic benefits by 2035. The brief notes that 53% of adaptation finance to Africa is debt-based, increasing the burden on vulnerable nations. It also identifies significant data gaps in tracking and a lack of ambitious, specific adaptation targets among public financial institutions, calling for a 'north star' goal for adaptation to mobilize private and public capital.

The Global Renewable Independent Power Supplier (Grips) is a proposed renewable energy service company designed to replace carbon-intensive diesel generators for industrial anchor clients in remote areas of developing countries. By utilizing an all-equity financing model and a diversified portfolio of hybrid energy plants, Grips aims to attract private-sector investment and offer shorter-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) that align with industrial planning horizons. The instrument targets a global off-grid diesel market estimated at 29 GW and seeks an initial USD 5 million for corporate governance and pilot project identification, with further requirements of USD 20-60 million for the first pilot location. Successful implementation is projected to avoid up to 2.5 million tonnes of CO2 per year through 2030.

The document outlines how grants function as direct fund transfers to support climate projects with low commercial potential, acting as a tool to de-risk investments and build institutional capacity. It categorizes grants into development, technical assistance, and project preparation facilities, and identifies key providers ranging from philanthropic foundations and multilateral development banks to vertical climate funds like the Green Climate Fund. The guide details the capacity requirements for recipients, the pathways for financial market readiness across shallow, emerging, and mature markets, and the specific challenges—such as complex reporting and donor fragmentation—that hinder effective uptake.

The document defines green bonds as fixed-income instruments where proceeds are earmarked for sustainable projects. It details how these bonds can lower borrowing costs through a 'greenium' (typically 25 bps) and diversify investor bases. The guide outlines the internal and regulatory capacities needed for issuance, including the development of Green Bond Frameworks and the use of taxonomies. It categorizes market readiness into shallow, emerging, and mature markets, providing specific pathways for each. Key challenges identified include high transaction costs for small issuances, limited project pipelines for adaptation, and greenwashing risks due to a lack of liability mechanisms. The document also highlights the role of Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in providing technical assistance and credit enhancements.

The document defines guarantees as instruments that transfer risk from transaction parties to third parties, such as multilateral development banks or governments, to lower borrowing costs and crowd in private capital. It details the types of risks covered—commercial, political, and market—and identifies key sectors for application, including energy, climate-resilient infrastructure, agriculture, and green manufacturing. The guide outlines the internal and regulatory capacities governments need to act as either beneficiaries or guarantors, categorizes financial market readiness into shallow, emerging, and mature markets, and discusses challenges such as time horizon misalignments and a lack of bankable project pipelines.

In 2018, IDFC members reported $134 billion in green finance commitments, a 39% decrease from 2017, though cumulative commitments since 2015 exceed $670 billion. Climate finance dominated the total at 93.3%, with green energy and GHG mitigation accounting for 85% of that amount. While overall commitments fell due to macroeconomic factors, adaptation finance grew by 57% over the previous year. Geographically, 78% of finance remained in members' home countries, and the East Asia and Pacific region received the largest share of commitments at 56%.

The document argues that law enforcement and penalties were critical in reducing Amazon deforestation since 2004, noting that without such efforts, deforestation would have been five times higher between 2007 and 2016. It highlights that recent legislative changes have introduced a new validation step for fines that lacks deadlines and technical justification, granting authorities excessive discretion. Furthermore, the centralization of judgments within Ibama increases the risk of impunity and political influence, as officials are appointed by the Minister of the Environment and may 'negotiate' fines.

The report finds that Indonesia's climate finance is dominated by a top-down approach favoring large-scale energy projects, leaving marginalized groups with limited access. While philanthropic funds target these groups, they are insufficient in scale. The authors argue for a blended finance approach and specific 'enablers'—such as capacity building and policy reform—to shift from purely philanthropic to more commercial financing for social impact.

The document outlines how village governments can align the use of Village Funds with regional priorities through the Village Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM Desa) and the Village Government Work Plan (RKP Desa). It suggests that regional governments can enhance this synchronization by providing clearer technical guidelines, including a 'negative list' of prohibited expenditures, as exemplified by the Bupati of Berau's 2016 circular.

The document argues that insecure land rights in Brazil lead to increased violence, deforestation, and agricultural inefficiency. It highlights that Brazil ranks 76th out of 129 countries for secure physical property rights, with significant portions of federal land in the Amazon illegally occupied. The insecurity is attributed to a complex institutional system involving 11 federal executive bodies, poor recordkeeping, and a lack of integrated databases. The text notes that 20% of Brazil's total area consists of vacant lands prone to illegal occupation and that land disputes resulted in 770 homicides between 1994 and 2015.

The document highlights how inadequate road infrastructure and complex regulations in Brazil increase transportation costs and reduce investor interest. It specifically notes that improving road infrastructure could reduce transportation costs by 54% and compares the efficiency of Santarém Port against Santos Port for grain exports.

The document defines various land tenure categories in the Amazon biome, distinguishing between public, private, and protected areas, as well as specific designations for indigenous lands, quilombola areas, and rural settlements.

Loans4SME is a technology-driven peer-to-peer lending marketplace launched by Aurus Lending Solutions to address the capital shortage for Indian SMEs in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors. By bypassing traditional bank requirements for collateral and three-year profitability records, the platform connects SMEs with high net worth individuals, family investment offices, and corporate treasuries. The initiative aims to mobilize USD 2.2 billion in debt financing and add 800 MW of solar rooftop capacity by 2022, potentially reducing annual CO2 emissions by approximately 1107 mMT.

The document outlines the financial impact of a low-carbon transition across four major economies. It highlights that net oil consumers, including China, the EU, India, and the US, could see significant financial benefits from reducing oil demand. However, it warns of substantial asset stranding risks in China and India due to planned coal-fired power capacity exceeding IEA two-degree thresholds. In contrast, the EU and US face lower coal stranding risks but must manage the eventual peak of natural gas consumption by 2030 to minimize value loss.

The report evaluates the evolution of NDCs for a diverse set of countries, scoring them on needs scope, granularity, timeframe, conditionality, implementation readiness, private sector mobilization, and alignment with national plans. It highlights varying levels of progress, with some countries like Nepal and Moldova showing strong improvements in costing and private sector strategies, while others like Andorra and Singapore maintain gaps in quantified financial needs.

The document argues that the Brazilian Amazon's diverse ecological and productive capacities allow for a strategic reordering of land use, where agricultural productivity is increased in degraded areas while high-carbon-capture areas are restored. It proposes the Reversing Deforestation Mechanism (RDM), a jurisdictional payment-for-results system that remunerates net carbon removals from forest restoration. The report estimates that natural regeneration in deforested areas could capture up to 26 GtCO₂, with the RDM potentially generating US$ 784 billion over 30 years at a price of US$ 50 per ton of CO₂. This mechanism is presented as complementary to JREDD+ (focused on reducing deforestation) and the Tropical Forest Forever Facility (TFFF, focused on maintaining standing forests), together forming a financial architecture to support Brazil's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Brazilian conservation policies have successfully reduced overall deforestation rates, but the methods of deforestation have evolved. To avoid satellite detection, there has been a shift from large clearings to smaller clearings (under 25 hectares), with this trend varying by state.

The report estimates that climate finance mobilised by developed countries for developing countries reached USD 61.8 billion in 2014 and USD 52.2 billion in 2013, with a two-year average of USD 57.0 billion. Public finance remains the dominant source, accounting for 71% of the average total, while mobilised private finance accounts for 26%. The findings highlight a significant increase in bilateral public finance and a substantial rise in outflows from Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) between 2013 and 2014. The report emphasizes that the majority of finance (77%) targets mitigation, with adaptation receiving 16%. It also details the methodological challenges in tracking private finance and the attribution of multilateral flows to developed countries.