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The report analyzes Rwanda's development trajectories, finding that a 'Combined scenario' of sectoral improvements would significantly boost GDP and GDP per capita, potentially making Rwanda a high-income country by 2050. While this scenario drastically reduces extreme poverty and improves life expectancy, it also leads to higher carbon emissions than the Current Path and fails to meet Vision 2050's specific inequality targets. The economic structure would shift from service-led to manufacturing-led by 2050.

The report provides a detailed inventory of 13 nature-based solutions (NbS) projects across Zambia, focusing on their approaches, targeted ecosystems, and the climate and biodiversity risks they address. It highlights the high dependency of Zambia's economy on natural resources, with agriculture employing about 70% of the population, and the resulting vulnerability to temperature extremes, erratic rainfall, and floods. Key interventions across the documented projects include the restoration of wetlands and forests, the implementation of agroforestry and conservation farming, and the development of sustainable livelihoods such as beekeeping and non-timber forest product harvesting. The inventory notes that projects are heavily concentrated in ecologically vital landscapes, including national parks and major basins like the Barotse and Lake Tanganyika. Many initiatives emphasize gender-responsive approaches and participatory governance to ensure inclusive adaptation.

The report evaluates Rwanda's progress on climate adaptation indicators for human settlements and transport. Key findings include an increase in rural households in planned settlements to 65.4% and the implementation of stormwater-inclusive master plans in 16 districts. However, urban informal settlements remain at 61.3%, and urban green space (19.89%) falls short of the 30% target. The transport sector has developed comprehensive resilience guidelines and expanded scheduled bus routes to 14,475 km, though road vulnerability assessments show significant risks in the Western, Northern, and Southern Provinces.

The report evaluates three primary climate adaptation indicators in Rwanda: the proportion of rural populations in clustered settlements, access to water and sanitation services, and the reduction of road vulnerability to floods and landslides. It finds that while planned rural settlements have increased to 65.4% and water access has improved, significant gaps remain in sanitation coverage and road resilience. The document highlights the effectiveness of engineering solutions like gabions and terracing for road stability and the social benefits of Integrated Development Programme (IDP) model villages, while recommending increased investment in climate-resilient infrastructure and better inter-sectoral coordination.

Climate change is projected to increase temperatures and decrease rainfall in Zambia, particularly in the south and west, threatening food security, energy stability, and transport infrastructure. The report highlights that maize yields could drop by over 9% by 2050 under high emissions scenarios, and hydropower generation—which provides 85% of installed capacity—is highly vulnerable to drought. Road infrastructure is also at risk, with flooding in Lusaka and the north potentially disrupting trade and supply chains. While the Zambian government has integrated climate goals into its Eighth National Development Plan and is developing a National Adaptation Plan, significant barriers remain, including severe debt distress and limited technical capacity. The report recommends a programmatic approach to funding via ARIPs to mobilize the estimated US$50 billion needed by 2030, emphasizing region-specific agricultural adaptation and the diversification of the energy mix.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) Country Programme for the Solomon Islands outlines a strategic approach to scaling up climate finance for a Small Island Developing State highly vulnerable to natural disasters. It identifies key priorities across energy, agriculture, and coastal protection, while mapping a pipeline of national and regional projects for the GCF-1 and GCF-2 periods. The report emphasizes the need to strengthen institutional capacity, engage the private sector—particularly MSMEs—and establish a robust governance structure to ensure country ownership and sustainable development outcomes.

Global Witness found that logging operations in Papua New Guinea (PNG) frequently violate the Forestry Act, including logging in prohibited areas and ignoring landowner consent. Because China imports a vast majority of PNG's logs but lacks laws against importing illegal timber, its timber sector faces commercial and legal risks in markets like the US and EU. The report recommends that China implement mandatory due diligence for timber imports and that PNG establish a moratorium on new logging permits.

The document examines how integrating urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry (UPAF) into city planning can address climate change risks, food insecurity, and urban poverty. In Western Province, Sri Lanka, the focus is on rehabilitating abandoned paddy lands to reduce flood risks and intensifying home gardening to lower GHG emissions and improve nutrition. In Rosario, Argentina, the city is using UPAF to mitigate the urban heat island effect, reduce 'food miles' and associated CO2 emissions, and manage storm water run-off. The report argues that subnational (provincial) government involvement is essential for scaling these interventions and integrating them into broader land-use and climate action plans.

The Western Province of Sri Lanka is utilizing urban and peri-urban agriculture and forestry to enhance climate resilience, specifically through the rehabilitation of abandoned paddy lands and the intensification of home gardening. Pilot projects in Kesbewa demonstrate that these interventions can reduce flood risks by improving storm water infiltration and lower greenhouse gas emissions by reducing food transport needs. The document argues for a 'green mosaic' urban design and the alignment of local, provincial, and national policies—including the revision of the Paddy Act—to scale these low-cost adaptation strategies.

The document outlines the observed and projected climate impacts in South Asia, emphasizing the region's vulnerability to flooding, heat-related mortality, and food insecurity. It argues that while further warming is inevitable, integrated adaptation and low-carbon development can reduce risks and provide economic opportunities, provided there is strong international cooperation and financial support.

The document traces the MMD's transition from a civil society coalition to a dominant political party in Zambia. It analyzes the party's internal organization, its reliance on state resources for funding, and the impact of ethnic tensions and policy failures on its declining national support base.

The briefing examines the role of ethnic markers in Kenya's post-election violence, noting that while identity cards do not explicitly state tribe, cultural naming conventions allow perpetrators to identify and target individuals. It highlights the resulting mistrust in public sectors like healthcare and education, and argues for a neutral national identification system, the devolution of power, and the elimination of neo-patrimonial politics to ensure long-term stability.

The Zambia Prison Service faces critical challenges including severe overcrowding, chronic underfunding, and human rights abuses. While a legal framework exists based on the Constitution of Zambia and various international conventions, many instruments are not domesticated. Prisons are significantly over capacity, with a high proportion of inmates on remand due to judicial delays and corruption. Conditions are described as inhumane, with shortages of food, bedding, and medical care, alongside reports of torture and the improper detention of women and juveniles. The report recommends building new facilities, increasing funding, implementing non-custodial sentencing, and establishing a prisons ombudsman.

The report assesses Zambia's stability, noting that while the country has avoided civil war, it faces structural threats from pervasive poverty, neopatrimonial governance, and an imbalance of power between the executive and other state branches. It highlights the risk of political entrepreneurs exploiting ethnic tensions and the potential for social unrest due to economic inequality and a stalled constitutional review process.