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The document explains that Adaptation Communications (ADCOMs) are voluntary reports under the Paris Agreement designed to synthesize a country's climate adaptation priorities, efforts, and needs. It outlines four primary goals: enhancing the visibility of adaptation relative to mitigation, strengthening support for developing countries, providing inputs for the global stocktake, and enhancing learning. Countries have flexibility in submission, choosing to provide ADCOMs as standalone documents, in conjunction with other reports, or as components of existing documents like NDCs or NAPs. The guide emphasizes that ADCOMs are country-driven and should not create additional burdens for developing nations, suggesting that countries can synthesize existing information from their NAP processes to meet submission goals, particularly for the 2023 global stocktake.

The document explains that Adaptation Communications (ADCOMs) are voluntary reports under the Paris Agreement designed to synthesize a country's climate adaptation priorities, needs, and lessons. It outlines four primary purposes: increasing the visibility of adaptation relative to mitigation, mobilizing support for developing countries, providing data for the Global Stocktake, and enhancing learning. The text details flexible submission methods—as standalone documents, linked to other reports, or as components of existing documents like NDCs or NAPs—and emphasizes that ADCOMs should not create additional burdens for developing nations. It also provides a detailed list of optional content elements and explains how countries can leverage their ongoing NAP processes to inform their ADCOMs.

The document explains that Adaptation Communications (ADCOMs) are optional reports under the Paris Agreement used by countries to share climate adaptation priorities, needs, and lessons. It outlines four main objectives: increasing attention to adaptation, strengthening support for developing countries, contributing to the Global Stocktake, and improving knowledge of adaptation measures. Countries can submit ADCOMs as standalone documents, jointly with other reports, or as components of existing documents like NDCs or NAPs to minimize administrative burdens. The text emphasizes that ADCOMs are country-driven, flexible, and not intended for direct comparison between parties.

The paper surveys 29 long-term climate strategies (LTSs) submitted to the UNFCCC, representing 42 countries and 28% of global emissions. It finds a growing trend toward net-zero targets, an increasing focus on the fundamental economic and societal shifts required for transition, and a reliance on both natural and technological carbon removals. The analysis highlights that while most strategies include midcentury goals and modeling, the level of detail regarding adaptation and just transition varies, and some parties acknowledge gaps between their most ambitious scenarios and their final targets.

The report analyzes the integration of climate and disaster risk financing and insurance (CDRFI) within National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), finding that while insurance is widely recognized—particularly in agriculture—there are significant opportunities to improve risk modeling, social protection, and cross-sectoral dialogue between finance ministries and private providers.

The analysis reveals that while many countries link adaptation to disaster risk management and prioritize insurance—particularly for agriculture—there is a need for better risk analysis, adaptive social protection, and stronger dialogue between finance ministries and private CDRFI providers.

The document traces the history of ocean governance, from early pollution treaties and the 'Constitution for the Ocean' (UNCLOS) to the sustainable development goals. It highlights a fragmented policy landscape characterized by overlapping jurisdictions and a 'piecemeal approach' to international law. Despite these frameworks, the ocean faces escalating threats from overfishing, acidification, and pollution, with the percentage of fish stocks fished at unsustainable levels rising from 10% in 1974 to 34.2% in 2017. The author advocates for a transition toward integrated management and the ecosystem approach to combat these cumulative impacts.

The report outlines a framework for Canada's first National Adaptation Strategy (NAS), drawing on a review of 12 policy instruments from 11 countries. It identifies a global trend where adaptation planning is increasing and regularly updated, but implementation and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) remain weak. For Canada, the authors recommend establishing clear institutional arrangements, a unified climate risk assessment approach, and a robust M&E system. The report emphasizes the need for deep engagement with Indigenous Peoples to advance reconciliation and the integration of gender equality and social inclusion through Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+). It also suggests bridging the gap between climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction (DRR) and elevating nature-based solutions.

The programme addresses the dual threat of coral reef degradation, which reduces local food security, and the eastward migration of tuna stocks, which threatens the government revenues of tuna-dependent Pacific Island nations. It proposes two main components: scaling up National Fish Aggregating Device (FAD) programmes to help coastal communities transition from reef fishing to tuna fishing, and developing an 'advance warning system' (AWS) using genetic population analysis and modelling to predict tuna redistribution. This AWS is intended to empower nations to negotiate for the retention of historical fishing rights in international waters. The total indicative cost is USD 120,945,000, with USD 70,245,000 requested from the Green Climate Fund.

The document argues that climate change impacts are not equal and are influenced by intersectional factors such as race, gender, power, and poverty. It provides examples of coalitions uniting debt activists, homeless advocates, racial justice groups, indigenous leaders, women's rights organisations, and labour unions to address systemic inequalities alongside the energy transition. These collaborations range from demanding unconditional debt cancellation for the Global South and vaccine equality to promoting 'carbon banks' for Black farmers in the US and integrating trans rights into environmental movements. The briefing highlights that integrating a social justice lens—recognising interacting systems of oppression—is essential for a diverse and effective climate movement.

The document argues that the innovative policy responses used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic can be repurposed to mitigate systemic climate-related risks. It details how prudential regulations, such as stress testing and capital buffers, and monetary instruments, including collateral frameworks and corporate financing facilities, can be 'greened' to support a sustainable recovery in the ASEAN region. The brief emphasizes the need for clear roadmaps and mandatory climate disclosures to manage both physical and transition risks.

The document outlines two primary structures for Recovery Bonds: sovereign green bonds, which earmark proceeds for eligible environmental projects, and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform (FFSR) bonds, which use future savings from the removal of fossil fuel subsidies as a notional basis for repayment. It provides a step-by-step issuance guide for green bonds and identifies high-potential target markets for FFSR bonds, including China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Vietnam, with a cumulative potential of USD 500 billion. The report argues that green stimulus offers higher economic multipliers and job creation compared to traditional recovery spending.

Fiji has used its National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process to mainstream Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), positioning it as a strategic priority across five priority sectors. The process involved creating a NAP Framework and a 'NAP catalogue' to coordinate adaptation actions, resulting in 160 priority measures. A key implementation example is the use of vetiver grass for riverbank protection and erosion control, supported by a new nursery in Labasa. Fiji's approach emphasizes the link between healthy ecosystems and socioeconomic development, integrating traditional and scientific knowledge, and aligning with international commitments like the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework.

Fiji has integrated Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) as a strategic priority within its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), which was formally communicated to the UNFCCC on December 12, 2018. The NAP identifies 160 adaptation measures across five priority sectors, emphasizing the role of healthy ecosystems as the foundation for economic growth and the protection of vulnerable groups. Practical implementation is exemplified by the use of vetiver grass for riverbank protection and erosion reduction, supported by a nursery opened in July 2020 in Labasa. The process aligns international commitments, including the Paris Agreement, Sustainable Development Goals, and the Sendai Framework, while engaging the private sector and utilizing both traditional and scientific knowledge.

The author argues that the term 'climate refugee' is legally inaccurate and oversimplifies the multi-causal nature of migration, where climate change acts as a 'threat multiplier'. The text disputes the narrative of mass migration from the Global South to Europe, noting that most climate-induced movement is internal. It suggests that planned, voluntary migration can be a 'triple win' for migrants, origin communities, and destination areas. The document calls for integrated governance and the use of tools like the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration to address displacement.

The global sustainable debt market reached USD 1.7 trillion by the end of 2020, with USD 700 billion issued during the year. While green bonds remain the largest segment, social and sustainability bonds saw dramatic growth in 2020, largely driven by pandemic-related funding. The European Union has emerged as a global leader, integrating GSS bonds into its climate neutrality goals for 2050 and developing comprehensive taxonomies and standards to ensure market integrity.

The 2021 Endangered Seafood Guide by WWF International advises companies to avoid sourcing seafood species listed as Endangered or Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List, as well as those in CITES Appendix I and II. The document emphasizes the necessity of robust traceability to prevent seafood fraud and the accidental sourcing of at-risk species. It specifically warns against 'ranched' aquaculture, where wild endangered fish are removed to be raised in controlled settings, as this increases pressure on wild populations. For sustainable alternatives, WWF recommends the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for wild-caught seafood and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) for farmed seafood, suggesting 'closed-cycle' (hatchery-reared) aquaculture as a minimum requirement when ASC certification is unavailable. The guide provides detailed fact sheets on high-risk groups including bluefin tuna, freshwater eels, sharks, and sturgeon, noting that some species, such as the totoaba, are subject to illegal poaching for high-value organs like swim bladders.

The Republic of the Marshall Islands is developing a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) using a participatory, bottom-up consultative process known as the "Reimaanlok" Process. The NAP is intended as an umbrella document to mobilize financial resources and guide sustainable adaptation interventions across urban centres, intermediate centres, and outer atoll islands. Key milestones include a 2021 climate vulnerability assessment for Majuro Atoll and an expected completion date for the full NAP in June 2022. The process is overseen by the Tile Til Eo Committee (TTEC), which coordinates policy advice and decision-making on climate priorities. Priority sectors for adaptation include water, food security, fisheries, health, education, infrastructure, livelihood, coastal resources, and policy development. Observed and anticipated climate impacts include sea-level rise, loss of fresh water, drought, salinization of groundwater, and declining coral reef health.

Developing countries are increasingly facing 'compound shocks'—simultaneous or sequential disruptive events like pandemics, economic crises, and climate-driven disasters—which deplete budgets and cause cascading system failures. The authors argue that the current disaster risk finance architecture over-incentivizes ex post relief over ex ante preparedness. To address this, they propose that the World Bank's IDA offer softer financing terms (higher grant components) to countries that commit to specific resilience investments in data collection, regulatory reform, budgetary frameworks, and early warning systems. Additionally, they recommend introducing automatic 'disaster clauses' in IDA debt to defer payments following major shocks, similar to models used by Grenada and Barbados. Finally, the document proposes transforming the Global Risk Financing Facility (GRiF) into a Financial Intermediary Fund (FIF) to increase its operational independence, broaden its donor base beyond Germany and the United Kingdom, and better support regional risk pools and risk measurement capacity.

The report examines the tension between Ethiopian nationalists and ethno-nationalists, noting that while most agree on federalism, they disagree on its purpose. It analyzes three primary constitutional frameworks—consociationalism, centripetalism, and integration—and proposes five hybrid models to balance inclusion, moderation, and national cohesion. The author concludes that no single design is sufficient and recommends a negotiated blend of these mechanisms to ensure stability and protect individual and minority rights.