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The briefing estimates that fossil fuels sold by Equinor in 2025 will cause between 34,000 and 58,000 additional deaths, while products sold since 2018 will result in 260,000 to 450,000 deaths. It contrasts these human costs with Norway's record fossil fuel export revenues, which reached 7,093,099 million NOK between January 2020 and July 2026. The document argues that the 'social cost of carbon' is significantly higher when including mortality, suggesting that Equinor's 2025 net operating income of $5 billion incurred a social cost of $66 billion.

The World Resources Institute has released the Carbon Opportunity Cost Calculation Tool (Version 1.0), an Excel-based resource that automates the estimation of carbon lost from plants and soils when land is converted from native vegetation to agriculture. The tool provides default factors for nearly 90 agricultural products across 10 regions and 5 countries, allowing users to input product volumes to determine land occupation in hectares and carbon opportunity cost in carbon dioxide equivalent.

RMI explains that emissions from oil and gas are not uniform and vary based on resource type, asset age, and location. Using its Oil Climate Index plus gas (OCI+) tool, RMI highlights that methane emissions intensities in the United States can vary more than 10-fold. The document emphasizes the disproportionate impact of 'marginal wells'—which make up 75% of producing wells in the US but contribute less than 5% of production—and advocates for life-cycle emissions analysis to guide strategic interventions.

The report argues that US manure management emissions, particularly from dairy and swine farms, are likely 40% higher than EPA estimates due to the consolidation of livestock into larger farms using wet storage systems. While anaerobic digesters are the most common mitigation tool, the authors find them expensive and less effective than often claimed. Instead, the paper identifies solid-liquid separation, acidification, aeration, and cover-and-flare systems as more cost-effective alternatives, though these require further large-scale piloting and financial support to achieve widespread adoption.

The report finds that expanding the World Cup to 48 teams will significantly increase GHG emissions, with air transport emissions estimated to rise by 160% to 325% for the 2026, 2030, and 2034 tournaments. It estimates the 2026 World Cup in North America will produce at least 9.0 million tCO2e, while the FIFA-Aramco sponsorship deal could induce an additional 30 million tCO2e. Furthermore, a risk assessment of the 16 stadiums for the 2026 event reveals that half require immediate environmental intervention, with six facing extreme heat stress.

The report finds that the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) would significantly increase U.S. household energy costs, lead to substantial job losses in manufacturing and clean energy, and increase greenhouse gas emissions and premature deaths. By repealing key tax credits and environmental standards, the bill is projected to shrink cumulative GDP by $1.1 trillion between 2025 and 2034 and reduce new electricity capacity by 330 GW by 2035. While the bill expands oil and gas leasing, the report argues that the resulting increase in production is offset by higher demand-driven prices for fossil fuels.

The report finds that the expansion of the Champions League, Europa League, and Conference League has increased greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 209,000 tCO2e. Furthermore, it estimates that sponsorship deals for the Champions League induce about 6 million tCO2e, with a single deal with Qatar Airways accounting for two-thirds of that total.

The document analyzes how interoperability—the bridging of differing standards and policies—can reduce trade barriers and administrative costs in climate mitigation. It details existing frameworks for emission equivalency, carbon price parity, and the convergence of international standards in sectors such as aviation, shipping, carbon removals, and climate finance. The author highlights the role of the OECD, WTO, and ISSB in creating comparable metrics and suggests that the WTO could further enhance carbon measure equivalency through a special notification system and standardized embedded carbon methodologies.

The report argues that repealing federal clean energy tax credits and funding programs would lead to significant job losses, increased household energy costs, reduced GDP, and higher air pollution levels in the United States between 2025 and 2035.

The document assesses the viability of Canada's planned LNG expansion, concluding that it is incompatible with 1.5°C global warming targets and economically precarious. It highlights that new facilities would increase domestic emissions and divert clean energy resources. Economically, the brief warns of a global supply glut by 2030, with Canadian projects struggling to compete against lower-cost producers in Qatar and the United States, thereby risking significant losses for taxpayers and investors.

The report emphasizes that while many OECD countries have integrated environmental goals into procurement, monitoring systems to track tangible impacts on greenhouse gas emissions are often neglected. Using examples from South Korea, Japan, Slovenia, Denmark, Malaysia, and the Netherlands, it identifies that successful monitoring requires strong government support and collaboration, though it is hindered by data gaps and tool complexity. The report recommends establishing legal mandates for monitoring, improving data management, and investing in staff capacity to ensure public procurement drives climate goals.

Methane is a potent climate pollutant responsible for 30 percent of the earth's temperature rise since the Industrial era. In the oil and gas sector, methane leakage can make natural gas as damaging as coal in the near term, with some US Gulf of Mexico offshore platforms showing leakage rates up to 66 percent. Despite the fact that many leaks can be repaired cost-effectively, the document notes that companies are not moving quickly enough, particularly in the US Permian Basin. The author advocates for mandatory requirements and the expanded use of aerial and satellite detection to increase transparency and enforce standards.

The document outlines a step-by-step process for assessing organisational GHG footprints, based on international standards like the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064. It defines three scopes of emissions: Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (indirect energy), and Scope 3 (other indirect value chain emissions). A central feature is the provision of a database of emission factors specifically developed for the Estonian context, covering energy production, vehicle fuels, and waste management. The guide also discusses the relationship between GHG accounting and regulatory frameworks such as the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), and the EMAS environmental management system.

Global Energy Monitor (GEM) finds that operating coal mines emit 52.3 million tonnes of methane per year, exceeding IEA estimates for oil and gas. The analysis identifies China, specifically Shanxi province, as the primary source of these emissions. GEM warns that proposed mine projects could add another 11.3 million tonnes annually, effectively locking in emissions equivalent to the coal-based CO2 emissions of the United States. To meet Net Zero 2030 targets, the report argues for a faster coal phase-out and the cancellation of new projects, as current mitigation measures are often insufficient or circumvented.

The Build Back Better Act's methane fee is projected to reduce industrial greenhouse gas emissions by 172 million metric tons of CO2e annually by 2050, accounting for 65 percent of the Act's total industrial GHG reductions. The fee is expected to create approximately 70,000 jobs and add over $250 billion to the U.S. GDP by 2050. With abatement costs for over 95 percent of the potential being under $40/ton CO2e, the total cost to the oil and gas industry—including fee payments and abatement measures—is estimated at $133 billion, representing only 0.77 percent of projected industry revenues.

The report validates the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) analysis of the proposed Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT) rule, which aims for approximately 60 percent of new medium- and heavy-duty trucks sold in California to be zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 2035. Using the California Energy Policy Simulator (EPS), the authors find that the rule would reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) by nearly 60,000 tons and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) by 17.6 MMT through 2040. Economically, the EPS estimates total savings of over $7 billion using CARB's battery cost forecasts, but this figure increases to more than $12 billion if a more aggressive battery cost reduction scenario (a two-year lag instead of five relative to the light-duty market) is applied. The report emphasizes that while upfront costs remain a hurdle, long-term fuel savings and Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) revenue create a significant economic opportunity.

Using the Energy Policy Simulator (EPS), this research note assesses how different GDP outlooks from Goldman Sachs, the EIA, and the IMF affect U.S. energy demand and emissions. It finds that while 2020 emissions may drop by 7% to 11% relative to 2019, these reductions are primarily driven by the transportation sector and are expected to rebound to pre-pandemic levels by 2025, resulting in no material impact on cumulative emissions through 2050.

The research identifies that the land sector could feasibly contribute approximately 30% of the global mitigation required by 2050 to limit warming to 1.5 °C, though this requires significantly more effort than a 2 °C target.

The report analyzes 35 climate and energy policies for China using the Energy Policy Simulator (EPS), comparing a Reference Scenario (RS) with a Low Carbon (LC) and an Accelerated Low Carbon (ALC) scenario. It finds that carbon pricing, renewable energy standards, and enhanced building codes are among the most effective tools for reducing CO2e emissions. While the LC scenario aims to peak CO2 emissions between 2025 and 2030, the ALC scenario focuses on cost-effectiveness to peak CO2 as soon as possible, achieving a peak in 2022. The analysis highlights that regulatory policies generally drive the majority of emissions reductions, though carbon pricing has the highest overall abatement potential. The report recommends a carbon price of at least 60 RMB per ton, increased renewable energy targets beyond 30% by 2030, and the adoption of MOHURD One Star as the minimum building code standard.

The EV Emissions Tool calculates CO2e emissions for plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles in the US by combining vehicle efficiency data from the EPA with regional electricity grid emissions data from eGrid and the GREET model. It accounts for both direct and indirect emissions, including fuel production and transport, but excludes emissions from vehicle manufacturing and disposal. The tool uses a 'sales-weighted' approach for national averages based on 2016-2021 registration and sales data.