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The report analyzes EU energy data from 2021 to 2023 to demonstrate how reliance on gas as a marginal electricity generator increases price volatility and energy inflation. It highlights that gas set electricity prices 55% of the time in 2022 and notes that energy inflation (HICP energy) typically rises between 20% and 45% when electricity prices exceed 150€/MWh. The author criticizes the EU's expansion of LNG infrastructure as a source of further volatility and calls on the European Central Bank to support renewable energy and energy efficiency to maintain long-term price stability.

The report argues that the IMF's economic surveillance of Colombia and Indonesia reveals significant 'blind spots' regarding the green transition. It finds that the IMF prioritizes austerity and market-based pricing mechanisms over green industrial policies and fails to adequately quantify long-term climate risks or the financing needs for adaptation and mitigation. The authors call for a systematic integration of climate issues into policy recommendations, better sequencing of fiscal advice, and wider engagement with civil society.

Tunisia faces stagnant economic growth, high youth unemployment, and a large informal sector despite strong human capital. The report identifies a 'Current Path' of slow growth and vulnerability to food price shocks and climate change, while proposing three alternative scenarios. These scenarios emphasize that improving governance, reducing inefficient subsidies, and enhancing education quality are foundational to any successful transition. The 'Sustainability & Equality' pathway is highlighted as the most effective for reducing extreme poverty and carbon emissions, while 'Going for Growth' offers the highest GDP increase through FDI and industrial promotion.

The document analyzes poverty trends in Tunisia, noting that while extreme poverty (US$1.90/day) is largely eliminated, poverty measured at higher thresholds is projected to increase until 2030. It highlights significant disparities in rural areas and among children, and argues that inefficient energy subsidies threaten fiscal sustainability, suggesting a shift toward targeted social assistance and universal child allowances.

The report tracks government financial support in India's energy sector, noting that while renewable energy subsidies doubled in FY 2022, fossil fuel subsidies remained more than four times higher than those for clean energy.

The document details updates to three specific Indian energy subsidies: a one-time relief for oil marketing companies (OMCs) to cover LPG losses, the Reform Linked Distribution Scheme for power distribution companies (DISCOMs), and capital infusions for renewable energy financing institutions.

North Africa possesses significant solar and wind potential, with Egypt and Morocco emerging as the region's largest renewable energy markets. While Egypt's power sector is dominated by gas and Morocco's by coal, both are aggressively expanding their renewable capacities through policy shifts and international investment. Egypt has seen rapid solar growth, exemplified by the Benban solar farm, while Morocco has focused on onshore wind and concentrated solar power, aiming to become a global green hydrogen exporter by 2050.

The document analyzes fuel subsidies for Indonesia's marine fisheries, noting they are the most consistent form of central government support. It highlights risks of overfishing and inefficient distribution, suggesting that lessons from broader fossil fuel subsidy reforms could improve targeting and sustainability.

The report outlines three scenarios for Tunisia's development to 2040: 'Going for Growth', which prioritises industrial production and FDI; 'Leapfrogging', which focuses on ICT and digital innovation; and 'Sustainability & Equality', which emphasises environmental stability and social protection. Across all scenarios, governance interventions are identified as the primary driver of GDP growth relative to the current path.

The report concludes that Tunisia's economic potential is currently stagnated by a protective regulatory environment, corruption, and a large informal economy. To unlock growth, the authors argue for comprehensive reforms including opening the economy to competition, reforming labour policies to address inequality, improving education quality, and implementing strategies for water management and food security to mitigate climate change impacts.

The document analyzes Indonesia's energy landscape, highlighting a projected increase in LPG subsidies to IDR 66.3 trillion in 2022 and a decline in diesel subsidies. It examines the National Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) 2021–2030, noting that while it targets a 24.8% renewable energy share by 2030, coal remains dominant. The briefing also discusses the challenges of coal phase-out, the introduction of a carbon tax, and the gap between Indonesia's COP 26 commitments and its actual NDC targets.

The report finds that fossil fuel subsidies in India increased relative to clean energy in FY 2020, with electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) remaining the largest subsidy category. While electric vehicle (EV) subsidies grew, renewable energy support stagnated. The authors argue that India's energy PSUs remain heavily skewed toward fossil fuel investments and lack clear decarbonization roadmaps. The report recommends a 'second generation' of clean energy support focusing on storage, green hydrogen, and offshore wind, alongside reforms to DISCOM finances and a strategic shift in PSU capital expenditure.

Based on a survey of over 900 households in Jharkhand, the report finds that LPG subsidies are poorly targeted, with the poorest 40% of households receiving less than 30% of government support in 2018/19. The analysis indicates that poor households may receive two times less in subsidies than better-off consumers due to low consumption of subsidized cylinders among the poor and high consumption among the wealthy. While LPG subsidies per cylinder were effectively removed in May 2020, the report warns that the COVID-19 crisis has increased the need for affordable clean cooking support. The authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for improving distribution and suggest that policy-makers consider volumetric targeting to limit expenditure until the causes of low consumption among poor households are addressed.

The document assesses Indonesia's energy landscape in 2020-2021, highlighting a trend where the government continues to support fossil fuels, particularly coal, despite global shifts toward green recovery. It details the decline in fuel and LPG subsidies due to the pandemic, the promotion of coal derivatives like dimethyl ether (DME) to reduce LPG imports, and the regulatory and financial hurdles facing renewable energy projects.

The document details updates to six specific energy subsidies in India, covering electric buses, energy conservation, regional fuel support, natural gas infrastructure, and hydrocarbon research. It provides financial data from FY 2014 to FY 2020, highlighting a significant increase in the cost of concessional GST for electric buses and substantial spending on the Phulpur Dhamra Haldia Pipeline Project and the National Seismic Programme.

The document examines the financial crisis facing India's electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs), which were already struggling with high costs and poor billing before the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic caused a catastrophic drop in power demand, further reducing revenues while fixed costs for coal and older renewable energy remained. While the central government provided a stimulus package of INR 90,000 crore and expanded borrowing limits, the document argues these measures do not address root causes. It recommends improving metering and billing, better targeting of subsidies, adjusting fixed-cost billing components, and renegotiating power purchase agreements to better allocate risk across the supply chain.

The document examines Indonesia's energy landscape between 2015 and 2020, highlighting the financial strain on state-owned enterprises PT Pertamina and PT PLN due to fuel subsidies and the COVID-19 pandemic. It details the impact of the pandemic on coal exports and electricity demand, while discussing regulatory shifts in renewable energy and the government's efforts to reform LPG subsidies. The briefing also notes contradictions between the goal of retiring fossil fuel plants and new regulations that incentivize the coal industry.

The document examines Indonesia's energy landscape from 2015 to 2020, highlighting the volatility of fuel and LPG subsidies and the severe disruption caused by COVID-19. It details the financial strain on state-owned enterprises PT Pertamina and PT PLN, the government's continued reliance on coal despite climate commitments, and the regulatory hurdles facing renewable energy. Key policy shifts include new fuel pricing formulas and a restructuring plan for PT PLN to focus on distribution over generation.

The document examines how renewable energy transitions in West Sumatra, Indonesia, can either entrench or challenge existing social inequities. Through case studies of geothermal, micro-hydro, and biofuel projects, it highlights how patriarchal land management and closed decision-making processes exclude women and marginalized groups from benefits. It also analyzes the limitations of national LPG subsidies and grid electrification in reaching the rural poor, concluding that a gender-sensitive approach is essential to ensure just transitions.

The report argues that South Africa should avoid a strict 'standard model' of electricity reform—which emphasizes full unbundling and privatization—in favor of a pragmatic approach that balances economic efficiency with social and environmental priorities. By analyzing India and Mexico, the document finds that unbundling alone does not resolve financial distress or lower prices if tariffs remain regulated below cost. It highlights that while private sector participation via auctions has accelerated renewable energy deployment in India and Mexico, it has also created tensions regarding public ownership. The report recommends that South Africa implement targeted subsidies for the vulnerable and explore community or municipal ownership models to ensure a just transition and successful decarbonization.