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The briefing highlights that global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, making the Paris Agreement targets of 1.5°C and 2°C increasingly difficult to achieve without significant 'overshoot'. It notes a critical gap in climate finance, where current levels are roughly ten times lower than the estimated USD 6.3 trillion needed annually by 2030. While net-zero commitments and renewable energy deployment have grown substantially, the document warns against an over-reliance on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and emphasizes the need for rapid transformations in energy, agriculture, and urban planning.

The petition argues that dams and reservoirs are significant sources of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, yet are currently excluded from the EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP). It highlights scientific evidence showing that some U.S. facilities, such as Lake Mead and Kentucky Lake, emit millions of metric tons of CO2e annually, sometimes exceeding emissions from fossil-fuel power plants of similar capacity. The petitioners contend that the current lack of reporting leads federal agencies, states, and utilities to incorrectly assume hydropower is a zero-carbon energy source, which may result in ill-informed climate policies and hinder the U.S. from achieving the Global Methane Pledge. The document identifies seventeen distinct emission sources within reservoir systems and urges the EPA to expand the GHGRP to include these facilities to improve data transparency and inform the transition to a truly clean electric sector.

A case study regarding the 2019 legal action brought by Milieudefensie, six other organizations, and over 17,000 Dutch citizens against Royal Dutch Shell PLC to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions.

The document reports that 2021 was the 4th hottest year on record for the U.S., characterized by 20 billion-dollar disasters totaling $145 billion in damages. It highlights a long-term warming trend from 1970 to 2021 and a significant increase in the frequency of high-cost disasters compared to historical averages.

The document argues that adopting California's ACT and HDO rules would significantly reduce toxic air pollutants and carbon emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles in Connecticut, leading to substantial health savings and economic benefits by 2050.

The Climate Action Handbook is a guide designed to empower South African communities to respond to climate change by combining scientific understanding with legal action. It defines climate vulnerability and resilience, outlines South Africa's specific climate risks and legal framework—including constitutional rights and environmental legislation—and provides a ten-step practical framework for community-led climate action, ranging from advocacy and information gathering to formal legal proceedings.

The adoption of the ACT and HDO rules in Massachusetts is projected to significantly reduce toxic air pollutants and carbon emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, leading to substantial health savings and net societal benefits by 2050.

The document details the impact of Washington adopting the Advanced Clean Trucks (ACT) rule, which requires an increasing percentage of new medium- and heavy-duty (M/HD) vehicle sales to be zero-emissions starting in 2024. It highlights that while M/HD vehicles make up only 10% of vehicles on Washington roads, they contribute disproportionately to pollution, including 30% of global warming emissions, 60% of NOx, and 50% of PM2.5 from on-road vehicles. The transition is projected to eliminate nearly 47 million metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2050 and generate $24.9 billion in cumulative net societal benefits by the same year.

The report highlights a regulatory gap where residential fossil-fuel appliances emit significantly more nitrogen oxides than gas-fired power plants despite the latter being regulated. It asserts that the EPA can use Section 111(b) of the Clean Air Act to establish nationwide performance standards for these appliances, citing electric-heat-pump technology as a demonstrated means of emission reduction and suggesting a system of emissions averaging and trading for manufacturers.

The report analyzes the energy portfolios of ten major private equity firms, finding that 80% of their energy assets are in fossil fuels. It highlights that these investments often yield low returns and disproportionately impact communities of color, while the industry's private nature allows these activities to avoid the public scrutiny faced by publicly traded oil majors.

The document provides evidence that major fossil-fuel companies had internal knowledge of anthropogenic climate change as early as the 1950s and 1960s, yet spent decades funding disinformation to manufacture public doubt. It details how these companies protected their own infrastructure from sea-level rise while publicly denying the science, and argues that current 'greenwashing' and 'carbon footprint' narratives continue this pattern of deception.

The document examines the dominance of coal in the Kuzbass region, the environmental and health impacts of this industry, and the Russian government's current diversification strategies. It argues that while the government has initiated diversification plans, these remain focused on fossil fuels and matured sectors, neglecting renewable energy and innovative industries. The author suggests that substantive transition is unlikely until global coal demand drops sharply.

The document analyzes the growth of commercial aviation and its contribution to climate change, noting that while aircraft efficiency has improved, increasing traffic is driving up total emissions. It details the specific warming effects of CO2 and contrails, the role of air freight, and the economic drivers—particularly the expanding middle class in Asia—that are projected to triple commercial aircraft emissions by 2050. It also discusses international and U.S. regulatory efforts to set CO2 standards for new aircraft.

Earthjustice contends that the Biden administration's legal defense of the Willow Project and other oil exploration in the Western Arctic contradicts its climate goals. The author highlights the environmental risks to the 23 million-acre National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, the potential release of 260 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from the Willow project, and the negative impacts on the traditional caribou hunting practices of the Native Village of Nuiqsut.

London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) uses road fees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and toxic air pollution, which disproportionately affect low-income and non-white residents. Integrated with broader clean mobility measures, the ULEZ has significantly reduced the number of polluting vehicles in central London and lowered NO2 concentrations. The program is supported by financial funds to help low-income residents and small businesses transition to compliant vehicles, with the goal of reducing air pollution exposure disparities by 85% by 2030.

A statement by Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands) regarding a landmark legal victory against Shell, where a Dutch court ordered the company to reduce its CO2 emissions by 45% within ten years to align with the Paris Agreement.

The document is a pedagogical resource designed to teach the Ojibwe language using a video about climate change and its effects on boreal lakes. It includes a full English-Ojibwe transcript, a detailed sentence-by-sentence grammatical breakdown, a glossary of terms, and a lesson planning form for educators. The content focuses on scientific concepts such as the impact of decreased precipitation on lake color and the resulting habitat loss for lake trout, while providing the linguistic tools to express these concepts in Anishinaabemowin.

The strategic environmental assessment (SEA) concludes that the Transport and Mobility Development Plan 2021-2035 generally supports environmental goals, though its high level of generality creates uncertainty regarding the actual realization of these benefits. The plan aims to reduce the transport sector's environmental footprint by shifting freight from roads to rail and sea, increasing the share of public and active transport to 55% by 2035, and reducing transport CO2e emissions to 1,750 kt by 2035. Key environmental concerns include the potential for increased car use due to road infrastructure improvements and the impact of new infrastructure on biodiversity and the Natura 2000 network. The report recommends a stricter application of the '4-step principle' for infrastructure investment and the definition of clear priorities to ensure environmental goals are not superseded by demands for road convenience.

The Units Conversion Worksheet provides specific multipliers to convert between various units of measurement for five gases: hydrogen, methane, propane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. It covers conversions for mass (e.g., lb to kg), volume (e.g., kg to Nm3), energy (e.g., kg to GJ-HHV), and cost (e.g., $/kg to $/GJ-HHV). The data is adapted from the NIST Standard Reference Database 23 (DLL 10.0).

The document explains that human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels, are the main drivers of global warming, which has seen average global temperatures rise by about one degree Celsius since 1880. It details the resulting environmental impacts, such as rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, while highlighting the specific vulnerability of the United States to billion-dollar disasters. The text outlines mitigation and adaptation strategies, including the transition to renewable energy and energy efficiency, and discusses the role of international agreements like the Paris Agreement and the influence of climate finance in supporting these transitions.