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The report analyzes Indonesia's power sector finance from 2015 to 2021, revealing a significant gap between current renewable energy investment and the USD 16 billion annually required for the NZE 2060 scenario. It highlights a projected annual financing gap of USD 13 billion for renewable generation, particularly in solar and hydro, and recommends policy reforms to divest from fossil fuels and scale up renewable energy infrastructure.

Between 2015 and 2021, Indonesia's power sector tracked USD 35.6 billion in finance, with 58% allocated to renewable energy. While RE finance trended upward after 2016, it faced a setback in 2020 due to COVID-19 and the Omnibus Law. To reach the 2060 NZE target, Indonesia requires USD 16.1 billion in annual financing, leaving a current annual gap of USD 13.1 billion, most notably in solar and wind power.

Climate finance for agrifood systems is critically low, representing only 4.3% of total project-level climate finance in 2019/20. The report highlights a massive investment gap, noting that current flows must increase at least sevenfold to meet conservative transition needs. While agriculture and forestry dominate project-level funding, essential mitigation areas like food loss and low-carbon diets are severely underfunded. The analysis reveals a heavy reliance on public funding (85%) and significant geographic disparities, with East Asia and the Pacific receiving the most finance, while South Asia and Latin America remain underserved relative to their emissions and vulnerability. The report advocates for repurposing harmful agricultural subsidies and leveraging private capital to scale climate-resilient and low-carbon food systems.

The document outlines a systemic framework for tracking climate finance in agrifood systems, expanding beyond traditional AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, Other Land Uses, and Fisheries) categories to include downstream agro-industries, food loss, waste, and diets. It details the methodology for estimating global annual investment needs—drawing from FOLU, UNEP, and Thornton et al.—and provides a granular breakdown of tracked project-level and company-level investments for 2019/2020. The annexes also include a corrigendum from February 2024 that significantly revises venture capital investment figures upward.

The Steel GHG Emissions Reporting Guidance establishes a framework for product-level emissions accounting in the steel sector. It mandates reporting based on a fixed system boundary and the use of primary data to ensure comparability and transparency. A key feature is the 'sliding-scale' approach, which benchmarks emissions intensity against 1.5°C trajectories while accounting for the different carbon intensities of ore-based versus scrap-based production. The guidance also defines criteria for labeling abatement technologies and provides detailed procedures for calculating emissions from exported products, by-products, and fugitive methane.

In 2022, solar and wind power continued their rapid growth, with solar being the fastest-growing source and wind recording the largest absolute increase. Conversely, nuclear power saw a significant decline, primarily driven by outages in France and Germany. Coal generation reached an all-time record high of 10,186 TWh, although its overall share of the global electricity mix slightly decreased. Hydro power rebounded after a poor 2021 but remains below 2020 levels due to droughts in Europe. Fossil gas generation remained relatively stable despite supply chain disruptions. To align with the IEA Net Zero Emissions scenario by 2030, the report argues that solar and wind must sustain high annual growth rates, coal and unabated gas must be phased out, and nuclear power must grow more rapidly than its recent historical average.

In 2022, global electricity generation remained dominated by fossil fuels at 61%, though wind and solar reached a record 12% share. Despite record growth in renewables, global power sector emissions hit an all-time high of 12,431 mtCO2, driven by rising demand in major economies like China and India. The report highlights a gap between current trends and the IEA Net Zero Emissions scenario, which requires a rapid phase-out of unabated coal and gas by 2035-2040.

The global electricity system is transitioning toward clean energy, with wind and solar emerging as dominant forces. In 2022, wind and solar met 80% of the increase in global electricity demand. However, other clean sources like nuclear and hydro are underperforming relative to 1.5°C pathways. The report predicts a structural tipping point as soon as 2023, where clean power growth may finally exceed total electricity demand growth, leading to an enduring decline in fossil fuel generation. While coal plant closures have slowed, particularly in China and India, the report suggests a simultaneous phasedown of both coal and gas power is becoming likely, especially in G7 countries and Asia due to energy security and cost concerns.

In 2022, wind and solar reached a record 12% share of global electricity, driving carbon intensity to a record low of 436 gCO2/kWh. However, absolute power sector emissions reached an all-time high of 12,431 mtCO2 because clean power growth did not fully meet rising global demand, which grew by 2.5% (+694 TWh). While coal generation rose by 1.1% to a record 10,186 TWh, the report forecasts that 2023 could be the first year of structural decline in fossil generation and the peak for power sector emissions. The analysis highlights a significant gap between current growth and the IEA NZE pathway, which requires wind and solar to reach 41% of global generation by 2030.

The report analyzes the Brazilian sustainable securitization market, highlighting the dominance of green labels and the potential for asset-backed securities (ABS) to fund small-scale sustainable projects in agriculture and energy.

The report analyzes Brazil's sustainable securitisation market, highlighting the role of Agribusiness Receivables Certificates (CRA) and Real Estate Receivables Certificates (CRI) in funding green and social projects. It identifies a significant opportunity to use ABS to aggregate small-scale sustainable projects, particularly in agriculture and renewable energy, to attract institutional capital.

The Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP) provides financial aid to agricultural and forest land owners to establish and deliver biomass feedstocks for bioenergy. Under the 2018 Farm Bill, the program was authorized for $25 million annually through FY 2023, though no appropriations were provided for FY 2023. The program offers establishment payments for perennial crops and matching payments for the collection and transport of eligible materials to conversion facilities.

The document advocates for using the US Farm Bill to transition toward a sustainable food system that achieves net zero emissions in agriculture by 2040 and halts habitat conversion. It emphasizes the link between sustainable agriculture and human health, noting that 38 million individuals lived in food-insecure households in 2020. Key recommendations include protecting Inflation Reduction Act conservation funding, scaling up regenerative agriculture, reducing the 40% of food loss and waste, and improving data collection for climate and nature outcomes.

The 2023 Corporate Climate Responsibility Monitor evaluates 24 multinational companies, finding that 15 of them have climate strategies of low or very low integrity. Key issues include ambiguous net-zero pledges, insufficient 2030 targets that fall short of 1.5°C pathways, and a heavy reliance on non-permanent biological carbon offsets. While emission disclosure transparency is moderate, the report highlights a critical '2030 blind spot' where corporate commitments do not match the required global reductions of 43-48% by 2030. The authors advocate for a shift from offsetting to a 'climate contribution' approach and call for tighter regulatory oversight to ensure corporate accountability.

In 2022, the EU electricity mix was led by nuclear (22%), gas (20%), coal (16%), and wind (15%), with solar accounting for 7.3%. While solar and wind continued their long-term growth trends, nuclear and hydro experienced significant declines due to plant closures and drought. Coal saw a temporary increase to offset these losses, while gas remained the only fossil fuel to show growth over the last two decades.

In 2022, wind and solar generated a record 22% of EU electricity, overtaking fossil gas (20%). Despite this, EU power sector emissions rose by 3.9% due to a 185 TWh generation gap caused by a severe drought affecting hydro power and unexpected French nuclear outages. This gap was partially filled by a 7% increase in coal generation. However, electricity demand fell by 7.9% in Q4 2022, and coal generation declined in the final four months of the year. Ember projects a 20% plummet in EU fossil generation in 2023 as hydro and nuclear capacity recover and renewable deployment accelerates.

Civil society organizations Traction Energy Asia, Trend Asia, and Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI) warn that current bioenergy policies in Indonesia, specifically biofuel and biomass co-firing, drive deforestation and increase carbon emissions. They report that 13 Energy Plantation Forest (HTE) companies caused 55,000 hectares of deforestation between 2017-2021, with projections suggesting up to 4.65 million hectares of natural forest could be lost if current co-firing governance persists across 52 power plants. The document recommends freezing biodiesel blends at 35%, halting new permits, and diversifying feedstocks to include used cooking oil (UCO). It also calls for a comprehensive evaluation of the social and environmental impacts of co-firing, noting that burning 1 million tons of biomass in 43 power plants in 2023 resulted in 1.7 million tons of carbon emissions. The brief includes responses from the national campaign teams of the 2024 candidates regarding their visions for energy transition and forest protection.

The Clean Air Task Force proposes several reforms to the 2023 Farm Bill to improve the quantification and procurement of carbon sequestration, facilitate rural clean energy transmission, and reduce livestock methane emissions. Key recommendations include streamlining the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) funding processes, establishing carbon cooperatives, and investing $350 million to $500 million in enteric methane research.

The report utilizes the REPO and E3ME-FTT:Power models to project China's power sector transition. Both models predict the eventual dominance of wind and solar power, though they differ on the specific technology mix and cost trajectories. The analysis emphasizes that market-based pricing and a robust Emission Trading System (ETS) are critical for supporting carbon neutrality goals, while highlighting the essential role of large-scale energy storage and carbon capture technologies to maintain system stability and reach net-zero emissions.

The document outlines the data sources, classification systems, and analytical principles used by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) to track renewable energy finance. It defines the scope of investors, financial instruments, and technologies analyzed, while distinguishing between power generation and end-use applications. It also specifies the methodology for tracking off-grid investments in emerging and developing countries and explains the distinction between 'energy transition investments' and 'climate finance'.