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The report identifies significant climate risks in the Yaque del Sur watershed, where high exposure to hurricanes, floods, and droughts intersects with high poverty and low adaptive capacity. Modelling suggests that by 2050, the annual water deficit could reach 519 million m3, threatening key crops like maize and tomatoes. While the Dominican Republic has established disaster risk and climate change frameworks, the report finds a lack of coordination between these structures and deficiencies in data sharing. Recommended priority actions include shifting to drought-resilient crops (sorghum and mangoes), increasing irrigation efficiency from 20% to 45%, and implementing payment for ecosystem services to promote reforestation in the upper watershed.

The report analyzes the intersection of climate threats and socio-economic vulnerabilities in the Yaque del Sur basin, the Dominican Republic's third-largest basin. It finds that the region faces severe water deficits and high vulnerability due to poverty and dependence on climate-sensitive agriculture. Projected climate trends include rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation, which could lead to an annual water deficit of 390 million m3 by 2050. The document identifies critical gaps in institutional coordination between disaster risk management and climate change adaptation bodies. To mitigate these risks, it recommends seven priority actions, including switching to drought-resistant crops like sorghum and mangoes, increasing irrigation efficiency from 20% to 45%, and implementing payment for ecosystem services to promote reforestation in the upper basin.

The report examines the vulnerability of Peru's agricultural sector to climate hazards, particularly in the Junín and Piura regions. It identifies El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a primary driver of droughts, floods, and frost, which significantly impact crop yields for maize, potatoes, and fruits. While Peru has established disaster risk management (SINAGERD) and climate change frameworks (MINAM), the report finds a lack of formal coordination between these two communities and gaps in localized climate data. Key recommendations include reviving ancestral agricultural practices, improving irrigation and water storage, diversifying livelihoods, and integrating disaster risk management with climate change adaptation into a single national programme.

The report examines the vulnerability of Peru's agricultural sector to climate variability and change, focusing on the Junín and Piura regions. It identifies key threats such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), droughts, floods, and frosts, and analyzes their impacts on priority crops like maize, potatoes, and mangoes. The document evaluates Peru's institutional capacity for risk management, noting a disconnect between disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation frameworks. It recommends improving agricultural practices, water management, and data collection, while calling for a comprehensive national program to integrate climate risk management into development planning.

The document outlines CDKN's support for Nepal's role as Chair of the LDC Group within the UNFCCC, the operationalization of the Nepal Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre (NCCKMC), and several ongoing research projects focusing on the economic costs of climate change and disaster risk reduction in the Koshi River Basin.

The document details nine global case studies where public-private collaborations (PPCs) implemented resilience-building activities. These include logistics training for airports (GARD), IT-based fertilizer market intelligence in Sub-Saharan Africa, decentralized water kiosks in Zambia, multi-sectoral adaptation in Malawi, sustainable coffee supply chains in Rwanda, flood-resilient brick-making in Tanzania, water-efficient rice seeding in India, community micro-hydropower in Sri Lanka, and biomass energy combined with desertification control in China.

The report evaluates Saskatchewan's 25-Year Water Security Plan (WSP) using the ADAPTool to determine if its seven goals facilitate climate change adaptation for the mining, municipal, hydroelectricity, and agriculture sectors. The analysis finds that while the goals provide indirect support for many adaptation needs, 133 out of 198 identified adaptation actions lack direct program support. The WSP's goals scored moderately in terms of adaptive capacity, with strengths in providing information and skills, but weaknesses in supporting access to infrastructure, technology, and financial resources. A significant limitation noted is that the ADAPTool is not well-suited for prospective plans that have been designed but not yet implemented, as many of its metrics rely on actual implementation data. The report recommends incorporating explicit climate projections, formalizing multistakeholder deliberation, and developing standardized guidelines for decentralization and policy review to enhance the plan's robustness against future climate stressors such as floods and droughts.

The document examines the vulnerability of climate-sensitive livelihoods—primarily agriculture, fishing, and forestry—in Asia. It highlights that while governments and NGOs are implementing adaptation measures like crop diversification and mangrove restoration, externally led interventions can sometimes cause maladaptation by increasing market dependency. The brief emphasizes the need to integrate local and traditional knowledge, address the specific vulnerabilities of women and marginalized groups, and leverage social assets and community forestry to build resilience.

The document outlines several CDKN-supported initiatives in Nepal, most notably a project launched in October 2012 to calculate the economic costs of climate change within the water and agriculture sectors. It also highlights efforts to strengthen Nepal's strategic engagement with the UNFCCC, including the training of a Core Negotiating Team and Nepal's election as chair of the LDC Group. Other mentioned projects include the integration of climate indicators into the Food Security Monitoring System (NeKSAP), the development of the Nepal Climate Change Knowledge Management Centre (NCCKMC), and research on disaster risk reduction in the Koshi River Basin.

The Agriculture, Vulnerability and Adaptation (AVA) Project in Colombia's Upper Cauca River Basin utilizes a four-dimensional model to assess climate vulnerability, integrating biophysical, political-institutional, economic-productive, and socio-cultural factors to overcome the limitations of one-dimensional models.

The document assesses Kenya's National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) and its Action Plan (NCCAP) through the lens of Climate Compatible Development (CCD). It highlights that while agriculture is central to Kenya's economy—contributing 26% to GDP—it is highly vulnerable to climate variability, with 80% of land being arid or semi-arid. The study finds a lack of clear synergies between adaptation and mitigation specifically regarding food security, noting that policy actors often struggle to distinguish between the two. It identifies institutional silos and a lack of specialized climate knowledge as primary barriers. Financially, the report notes that while Kenya has attracted significant international funding (e.g., $2.3 billion for various activities), these resources are fragmented, and the agricultural sector receives almost no domestic public climate finance. The document advocates for the establishment of a Climate Change Authority to act as a 'gatekeeper' for funds and the mainstreaming of CCD to build strategic partnerships for food security.

The Agriculture, Vulnerability and Adaptation (AVA) project in Colombia's Upper Cauca River Basin is developing a comprehensive vulnerability assessment model to help the agricultural sector adapt to climate change. Moving beyond traditional biophysical models, the AVA approach integrates four dimensions: biophysical, political-institutional, economic-productive, and sociocultural. This interdisciplinary and participatory method involves stakeholders—including farmers, researchers, and government authorities—to identify key indicators and collect data, ensuring the results are relevant to local needs and less sensitive to the uncertainties of climate modeling. The project aims to create a universally accessible tool for adaptation planning that can be scaled to regional or national levels.

The document highlights that rapid industrialization and economic growth in Asia have led to higher ozone precursor emissions and concentrations. It emphasizes the need to improve understanding of ozone's impact on South Asian agriculture via experimental assessments and regional scale modelling to evaluate risks to agricultural production.

The Bakhresa Group, a diversified conglomerate with an annual turnover exceeding USD 300 million, operates across several SADC Member States. The company faces significant operational hurdles, including inadequate energy and transport infrastructure, non-harmonised taxation, and excessive regulatory bureaucracy. These barriers increase the cost of doing business, reduce returns on investment, and limit capital for reinvestment. To mitigate these issues, the group engages in direct relationship-building with government agencies and lobbies through business councils, while advocating for regional infrastructure investment and streamlined trade facilitation.

Rab Processors Ltd, a leading agricultural processor in Malawi, faces significant systemic barriers including severe foreign exchange shortages due to a managed fixed exchange rate, bureaucratic delays in obtaining export permits, and inconsistent customs procedures. The company reports a 50% decrease in imported inputs in early 2012 and losses in the maize market following a government export ban. Additionally, the company struggles with a 'brain drain' of skilled labor to NGOs and a lack of technical capacity within the Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS). To mitigate these, Rab Processors utilizes capacity building programs with TEVETA and lobbies the government, though the latter has yielded little change.

The Swaziland Sugar Association (SSA) manages the marketing and sale of sugarcane for Swazi growers and millers, distributing 50% of its product within SACU and the remainder to Europe. The association faces significant hurdles including limited local access to finance due to regulatory constraints and government debt crowding, poorly developed transport infrastructure in the SADC region, and trade barriers such as import limitations and scanning charges in Mozambique. These factors increase operational costs and limit market expansion. Future challenges include the need to pivot toward regional markets as European sugar markets open to more competitors and the requirement to meet evolving food safety and fortification standards.

The Baseline Report provides a current snapshot of Rwanda and its planned initiatives within the context of climate change to support the future creation of a National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development. It covers a broad range of sectors including climate policy, economy, trade, industry, energy, mining, transport, cities, the built environment, agriculture, land, water, and forestry.

This synthesis paper, prepared for the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), examines the intersection of agriculture, food security, and climate-compatible development (CCD) through case studies in Kenya, Bangladesh, and Honduras. It identifies systemic barriers to integrating climate adaptation and mitigation within agricultural sectors and provides global recommendations for policymakers and the international community to support small-scale farmers in developing countries.

The document analyzes the first official recognition of agriculture by the UNFCCC at COP 17 in Durban. It reviews submissions from 21 parties to the SBSTA, highlighting a tension between developed countries' focus on scientific mitigation and developing countries' priority on adaptation and food security. The briefing argues that agriculture requires a unique approach to emission reductions—potentially based on efficiency per unit of production—due to the necessity of increasing food supplies for a growing global population. It identifies key points of divergence, including trade implications and the role of smallholder farmers, while suggesting areas of consensus such as the link between agriculture and food security.

Australia and New Zealand are increasing their diplomatic and economic engagement with the African Union and African nations. Australia is leveraging its experience in mining, agriculture, and forestry, while New Zealand focuses on agriculture and peace operations. Both nations are seeking support from African states for non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council, with Australia campaigning for the 2013-14 term and New Zealand for the 2015-16 term.