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The Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) identifies three factors driving the adoption of open science in Latin America and the Caribbean: a high reliance on public funding for research, a long history of open access initiatives dating back to the 1970s, and the creation of regional governance tools like the Escazú Agreement. The document highlights the FAPESP foundation in Brazil as a successful public funding model and advocates for the reform of scientific publishing economic models, specifically criticizing article processing charges. It suggests that South-South cooperation, including learning from ASEAN countries and the African Open Science Platform, can strengthen the Global South's voice in the international science community.

The report evaluates global security threats under two warming scenarios: a 'Near Term' scenario (1-2°C) and a 'Medium-Long Term' scenario (2-4+°C). It concludes that even low levels of warming present high to very high risks, while higher warming levels pose catastrophic and potentially irreversible threats to global stability. The analysis is structured around U.S. Geographic Combatant Command areas, detailing how climate-induced physical shocks and social tensions act as threat multipliers that can lead to state failure, resource conflict, and the breakdown of international alliances.

The report details Canada's greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2016, highlighting that while overall emissions grew nearly 17%, the oil and gas and transportation sectors were the primary drivers. It examines the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change and provides a detailed breakdown of emissions by province and territory, noting significant per capita disparities between jurisdictions like Alberta and Quebec.

The document details how climate change affects Canadian health through extreme heat, air pollution, UV radiation, and the spread of vector-borne and water-borne diseases. It emphasizes that marginalized populations, including Indigenous peoples and low-income individuals, face disproportionate risks. Regional analyses highlight specific threats such as melting permafrost in the North, hurricanes in Atlantic Canada, and increased drought in the Prairies.

The 2017 AdaptationWatch report argues that the Paris Agreement has shifted climate policy into an era of implementation, yet significant gaps remain in adaptation finance and transparency. It highlights that adaptation funding is overwhelmingly lower than mitigation funding and is often difficult for the most vulnerable nations to access due to complex accreditation processes and a lack of clear definitions distinguishing adaptation from general development. The report examines regional experiences, noting that while Latin American and Caribbean countries have made progress in institutional frameworks and GCF Readiness, Southeast Asia faces a disconnect between global finance scales and local needs. It also identifies a critical lack of compliance and standardized methodology in the Biennial Update Reports (BURs) of non-Annex I Parties, which obscures the actual amount of finance received. The document concludes with ten recommendations, emphasizing the need for increased adaptation finance, co-designing actions with local communities, and reorienting capacity building toward long-term, in-country ownership.

The document analyzes how carbon taxes or cap-and-trade programs affect U.S. households through expenditures, income, and revenue allocation. While carbon pricing can be regressive in terms of energy expenditures—disproportionately affecting low-income households and coal-dependent regions—the authors argue that the overall impact is determined by how the government uses the revenue. By targeting a small portion of revenue (approximately 10-12%) toward low-income households and coal communities, policymakers can offset burdens and ensure these vulnerable groups are not driven deeper into poverty. The brief compares various revenue uses, such as lump-sum rebates, labor tax swaps, and capital tax swaps, concluding that the policy is not inherently regressive and can be designed to be progressive.

Between 2004 and 2012, annual deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon fell from 27,000 km2 to 4,500 km2, largely due to conservation policies and remote sensing monitoring. However, these systems cannot detect clearings of 25 hectares or less, leading to a shift where small-scale deforestation grew from a quarter to more than half of overall annual clearings. Research in Mato Grosso and Pará shows that medium- and large-scale property holders adapted to enforcement by shifting to smaller clearings, while smallholders in Pará emerged as the primary agents of forest clearing. The brief recommends enhancing monitoring technology and tailoring policies to regional differences to address these evolving patterns.

A survey of United Nations member states between 2007 and 2012 reveals a significant increase in national climate mitigation efforts, with 67% of global greenhouse gas emissions covered by national legislation or strategy by 2012, up from 45% in 2007. The growth was most prominent in non-Annex I countries, specifically in Asia and Latin America, while OECD countries remained relatively stagnant. The data indicates a general preference for non-binding climate strategies over binding legislation, with China noted as a significant exception to this trend.

The document argues that the 2007-2013 CAP implementation in the Baltic Sea Region failed to significantly reduce environmental impacts due to poor targeting of measures, administrative hurdles, and a lack of stakeholder involvement. It suggests that post-2013 reforms should embrace the region's agricultural diversity and shift toward a model where environmental services are a core value of farming rather than a precondition for payments.

The report finds that U.S. thermoelectric power plants withdrew between 60 billion and 170 billion gallons of freshwater daily in 2008, with coal plants accounting for the majority of this use. It identifies significant regional disparities in water intensity, noting that plants in the East generally withdraw more water due to a higher prevalence of once-through cooling. The analysis reveals that power plants contributed to water-supply stress in 20% of the 400 stressed watersheds identified. Furthermore, the report highlights critical gaps and inaccuracies in U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data, including the total absence of reporting from the nuclear fleet. It argues that climate change and population growth will exacerbate these stresses, urging a shift toward low-water cooling technologies and low-carbon energy sources to ensure grid reliability and ecosystem health.

In 2010, four members of the UNEP BFI CCWG (AFD, EIB, JICA, and KfW) committed approximately 15.5 billion USD to climate finance in developing countries, a 22% increase over 2009. Mitigation received 80% of these funds, primarily targeting the energy (51%) and transport (31%) sectors, while adaptation funding decreased by 28% to 20% of the total, focused largely on water supply and treatment. Concessional loans were the dominant financial instrument at 70% of total flows. The report also details carbon finance initiatives managed by EIB, KfW, and NEFCO, which are tracked separately from direct climate finance.

The report argues that the 2006–2008 global food crisis was a spike in a long-term trend of food insecurity in Southern Africa. It highlights the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program (CAADP) as the primary framework for coordinated regional responses, emphasizing long-term structural improvements over short-term reactionary measures. The analysis covers specific SADC and COMESA initiatives, the role of strategic grain reserves, and the impact of international trade subsidies on African agricultural productivity.

The report identifies four critically stressed ecosystem services in Uganda: maintenance of biodiversity, food and fibre provision, water supply, purification and regulation, and fuel provision. These stressors are linked to threats in human well-being, specifically the ability to be adequately nourished, access clean water, obtain energy for cooking and warmth, and earn a livelihood. The analysis highlights regional disparities, noting that while all four regions face these stresses, the Northern region suffers from the highest incidence of poverty and food insecurity, while the Western region shows high rates of child stunting.

The fourth edition of the ATT Monitor evaluates the state of the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) through three primary lenses: regional analysis of Asia and Latin America/Caribbean, an assessment of annual and initial reporting practices by State Parties, and an investigation into arms diversion. It identifies significant gaps in reporting compliance, specifically regarding the failure of State Parties to update initial reports on national control systems.

The U.S. electricity system relies heavily on freshwater, with cooling power plants accounting for 41 percent of all freshwater withdrawals. This dependence creates a 'collision' where energy production competes with municipal, agricultural, and ecosystem needs, a situation exacerbated by global warming. The report details regional risks—such as hydropower instability in the Northwest and cooling water shortages in the Southeast—and highlights low-water alternatives like wind, solar photovoltaic, and dry-cooling systems.