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This case study examines the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in the Cumbaza River watershed and the city of Tarapoto in San Martín, Peru. It analyzes how urbanization, deforestation, and climate change impact resource security and proposes a systems-based approach to strengthen climate resilience through green infrastructure and improved governance.

This executive summary from the 2018 'Brown to Green' report analyzes the progress of G20 countries toward a low-carbon economy. It highlights a significant gap between current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the goals of the Paris Agreement, noting that G20 energy-related CO2 emissions began increasing again in 2017 and that 82% of the G20 energy supply remains dependent on fossil fuels.

The ATI Network Shadow Report 2018, compiled by the South African History Archive (SAHA) and other civil society members, evaluates the effectiveness of the Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA) in South Africa between 1 June 2017 and 31 July 2018. The report highlights systemic failures in public body compliance, including high rates of non-responsiveness and the misuse of legal provisions to delay information release, while also discussing the challenges of accessing data from private bodies and the impact of these barriers on rights to education and the environment.

This executive summary of a 2018 report by the Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) examines the legal and practical regulation of wild animal welfare in South Africa. It argues that the current legal regime is outdated and provides little protection for wild animals, particularly those under human control, due to a divide between biodiversity conservation and animal welfare laws.

Sustainalytics conducted a pre-issuance verification of AC Energy's green bond in January 2019 to ensure its conformance with the Wind, Solar, and Geothermal Energy Criteria of the Climate Bonds Standard Version 2.1. The verification concluded that the bond's framework for financing or refinancing eligible renewable energy projects meets the required standards.

This 2018 report by the Climate Bonds Initiative and IFC provides a comprehensive guide for emerging markets to develop green bond markets. It emphasizes the necessity of national guidance to ensure market integrity and alignment with climate goals, while highlighting the success of China's regulatory approach and the innovation of green sukuk in Malaysia and Indonesia. The report introduces a 'Green Bond Market Development Toolkit' to help regulators move from nascent to robust markets through structured milestones and capacity building.

Sustainalytics verified that DNB Boligkreditt's Green Covered Bond meets the Low Carbon Buildings criteria of the Climate Bonds Standard. The bond targets energy-efficient residential buildings in Norway complying with TEK10 or TEK17 building codes, representing the top 7% of energy performance in the local market.

This pre-issuance verification letter, authored by Sustainalytics in October 2018, confirms that the green bond intended for issuance by Industrial Bank Co. conforms with the Wind Energy, Solar Energy, and Low Carbon Transport Criteria of the Climate Bonds Standard Version 2.1.

This pre-issuance verification letter, produced by Sustainalytics in 2018, confirms that KBC's green bond conforms to the Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Marine Renewable Energy, and Low Carbon Buildings criteria of the Climate Bonds Standard Version 2.1. The bond's proceeds are intended to finance onshore wind parks in Wallonia and Flanders, offshore wind parks in the North Sea, an onshore solar project in Flanders, and residential mortgage loans for energy-efficient buildings in Flanders.

The Battery Subscription Facility is a financial instrument designed to accelerate the adoption of electric buses in India by reducing high upfront costs through a battery-as-a-service model. By owning the batteries and leasing them to operators, the Facility aims to lower initial costs by 40-50% and reduce the total cost of ownership compared to diesel or CNG alternatives.

The Socio-Climate Benefits Fund (SCBF), proposed by Kaeté Investimentos, is a financial instrument designed to reverse small-scale deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by incentivizing the adoption of agroforestry systems among smallholders through long-term investment and training.

The Responsible Commodities Facility (RCF) is a financial instrument designed to reduce deforestation in the Brazilian Cerrado by providing low-cost loans to soy and corn producers who utilize previously cleared and degraded lands rather than expanding into native vegetation.

The Residential Rooftop Solar Accelerator is a lease-based financial instrument developed by Peacock Solar to increase the adoption of residential rooftop solar in smaller Indian cities by reducing upfront costs and operational barriers.

This guide from the Environmental and Energy Study Institute (EESI) outlines the availability of zero-interest loans for rural cooperatives through the USDA's Rural Utilities Service (RUS) Rural Energy Savings Program (RESP) to fund energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.

The 2018 NYDF Assessment executive summary states that forest governance improvements are too slow to measurably reduce deforestation. While some progress has been made in transparency and law enforcement, critical failures remain regarding the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities, increasing violence against forest defenders, and rampant corruption.

The 2018 Goal 10 Assessment evaluates the state of forest governance, highlighting that slow improvements in institutional strength, the rule of law, and the recognition of indigenous land rights continue to hinder efforts to reduce deforestation.

The 2018 New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) Progress Assessment Goals Summary reports that the world is not on track to meet Goal 1, which aims to halve the rate of natural forest loss globally by 2020 and end it by 2030. While net forest loss has declined when accounting for regrowth, gross tree cover loss has increased, and tropical deforestation emissions have risen, peaking in 2016.

This report summarizes progress toward Goal 10 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on strengthening forest governance, transparency, and the rule of law, while empowering indigenous peoples and local communities. It details developments in producer and consumer countries regarding illegal timber trade, the rising violence against environmental defenders, and the status of financial resources and data collection for land tenure security.

The 2018 NYDF Progress Assessment finds that while corporate commitments to deforestation-free supply chains are increasing—particularly in palm oil and timber—they remain highly variable in ambition and scope. Traceability systems are improving, and new jurisdictional initiatives in Brazil and Indonesia show promise, but financial institutions lag in addressing portfolio risks. Direct data on deforestation reduction is currently lacking, though new tools like Trase and Global Forest Watch–Commodities are being developed to fill this gap.

This report assesses progress toward Goal 3 of the New York Declaration on Forests: significantly reducing deforestation derived from economic sectors other than agriculture by 2020. It highlights the roles of infrastructure and mining as primary drivers of forest loss and identifies critical data gaps that prevent a global aggregate assessment of these impacts.