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The report analyzes how rural credit affects Brazilian agribusiness, finding that increased credit supply generally boosts agricultural production and productivity. In the Amazon and Cerrado biomes, credit specifically encourages the conversion of pasture to crop land, which reduces deforestation pressures and increases the area of native forests. The impact varies by biome and product, with grain production showing significantly larger increases in production and productivity compared to other crops.

The report argues that existing village development indices in Indonesia fail to adequately measure or reward environmental performance. To address this, the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes the Indeks Desa Membangun Plus (IDM+), which adds 10 ecological indicators to the existing Indeks Desa Membangun (IDM). The report suggests using IDM+ as a basis for Ecological Fiscal Transfers (EFT), specifically through a mixed fiscal instrument approach in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. This approach combines performance-based incentives via the Alokasi Dana Desa (ADD) with affirmative action funding for low-performing villages, potentially utilizing untapped reforestation funds (DBH DR).

The guide outlines a structured process for building a national landscape of climate finance, moving from scoping and definition to data collection and final analysis. It emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement, the use of taxonomies to categorize climate-beneficial versus harmful flows, and the application of tools like Sankey diagrams to visualize financial flows from source to end-use. The document draws on Climate Policy Initiative's (CPI) experience in countries such as India, Indonesia, and France to provide practical examples of tracking both public and private climate finance.

The document serves as a legislative annex, cataloging the federal laws, decrees, and normative instructions, as well as state-level regulations, that govern the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA) in Brazil as of October 2021.

The report details a virtual workshop held on January 21, 2021, which brought together over 200 participants from more than 60 countries to discuss domestic climate finance tracking. Key discussions centered on integrating climate budget tagging into national planning, the role of taxonomies in mobilizing private capital, and the necessity of credible sectoral roadmaps to align financial flows with the Paris Agreement. The document highlights specific national examples, such as Indonesia's use of budget tagging for Green Sukuk issuance and South Africa's development of a green finance taxonomy.

The report provides a detailed 'radiography' of the implementation of the Brazilian Forest Code in 2021. While CAR registration is advanced nationwide, the analysis and validation of these registries remain a critical bottleneck. Only a few states, such as Espírito Santo, have achieved high validation rates. The transition to the final stage—the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA)—is slow due to low producer interest and a lack of legal frameworks in several states. The report highlights the introduction of 'dynamic analysis' by the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) as a potential accelerator and identifies significant legal uncertainties, particularly regarding the Atlantic Forest and the application of Article 68 of the Forest Code.

The 2021 snapshot of the Brazilian Forest Code implementation shows that while rural property registration (CAR) is well advanced nationwide, the subsequent analysis and validation stages remain significant bottlenecks. Only six states have fully operational Environmental Compliance Programs (PRA), and a group of states in the Northeast, Roraima, and Rio Grande do Sul continue to lag in legislation and implementation. Progress in 2021 included the incipient rollout of 'dynamic analysis' tools in five states and the regulation of the PRA in Amapá, Ceará, and Minas Gerais.

The report finds that finance for energy access in high-impact countries (HICs) remains critically insufficient. In 2019, tracked electricity finance in HICs fell to USD 32 billion, with residential access funding at less than one-third of the required annual investment. Clean cooking investment has stagnated around USD 130 million annually, far below the USD 4.5 billion needed. While private investment in clean cooking reached a peak of USD 56 million in 2019, multilateral DFI support plummeted. The report emphasizes the need for climate-resilient infrastructure, as seen in Mozambique, and highlights divergent technological paths in Ghana (LPG) and Vietnam (biogas).

Global climate finance reached USD 632 billion in 2019/2020, but growth has plateaued, with an increase of only 10% between 2017/2018 and 2019/2020. To meet 1.5 °C objectives by 2030, annual finance must increase by at least 590% to USD 4.35 trillion. Mitigation remains the primary recipient of funds, dominated by renewable energy, while adaptation finance is growing but remains almost exclusively public. Investment is heavily concentrated in East Asia and Pacific, Western Europe, and North America.

The report argues that diversifying oil palm plantations with crops like maize and cocoa can significantly increase smallholder incomes in Berau, East Kalimantan, compared to monocropping. It identifies that oil palm alone often fails to meet minimum living costs and exposes farmers to price volatility. The study recommends a strategy of diversification starting when oil palm reaches peak productivity (around year 10) to ensure positive cash flow and bankability. Key financial instruments proposed to support this transition include Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR), credit guarantee schemes, and maize crop insurance. The report emphasizes that diversification must occur on existing allocated land to avoid deforestation.

The report finds that global investment for energy access is critically insufficient. Finance for electricity in high-impact countries (HICs) fell to USD 32 billion in 2019, while clean cooking commitments stagnated around USD 130 million, far below the USD 4.5 billion annual need. While grid-connected renewables became the top electricity sector in 2019, decentralized solutions remain severely underfunded. The report emphasizes the need for climate-resilient infrastructure, as seen in Mozambique, and explores divergent clean cooking pathways in Ghana (LPG) and Vietnam (biogas).

Karnataka holds 22% of India's total installed electricity capacity and the highest solar capacity in the country (7.3GW as of 2019). However, the document asserts that capacity growth alone is insufficient; market reforms are needed to increase supply and demand flexibility to ensure a low-carbon system is more cost-effective than the current energy mix.

The Climate Policy Initiative provided updated estimates for global climate finance flows for 2017 and 2018, and a preliminary estimate for 2019, to inform the UNFCCC's fourth Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows.

This policy brief examines the allocation of COVID-19 recovery funds to cities, noting a significant gap between global pledges and city-specific commitments, and provides recommendations to improve the accessibility and effectiveness of green urban recovery finance.

The analysis finds that 2018 U.S. light vehicle investments are critically misaligned with Paris Agreement goals, particularly in the private sector. While government spending shows better alignment, overall progress is hindered by the 'lock-in' effect of the existing fleet and the dominance of internal combustion engine vehicles. The report emphasizes that achieving climate targets requires higher fuel efficiency standards, mass EV adoption, and a transition to a low-carbon power sector.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative/Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes the role of rural credit policy in Brazil as a tool for increasing agricultural productivity while reducing deforestation. It argues that improving the efficiency and sustainability alignment of rural credit can allow Brazil to expand food production without further area expansion, leveraging existing cleared lands.

The analysis examines the declining value of Uganda's oil reserves in the Albertine Basin, the East African Crude Oil Pipeline, and the Hoima oil refinery. It finds that the value of these reserves has already decreased by over $40 billion since 2013, with further declines expected under a Paris Agreement-aligned low-carbon transition.

In 2019, IDFC members committed $197 billion in green finance, a 47% increase from 2018. Climate finance dominated this total at 95% ($187 billion), with mitigation projects receiving the largest share ($163.5 billion), primarily in transport and renewable energy. Adaptation finance grew for the third consecutive year to $19 billion. The majority of finance (74%) originated from non-OECD institutions and was largely deployed domestically, with the East Asia and Pacific region receiving the largest geographic share (69%). Loans remained the primary instrument, accounting for 95% of commitments.

The report finds that global power sector investment in 2018 was significantly misaligned with Paris Agreement goals, with 29% of new investment (USD 129 billion) flowing into fossil fuels. No major country or region is decarbonizing its power sector at the required pace, and no major investor category is fully aligned with Paris-aligned emissions intensity targets. The authors highlight a critical data gap, noting that asset-level transaction data was available for only 23% of tracked high-emissions power finance due to corporate balance sheet borrowing. To achieve alignment, the report recommends halting new carbon-intensive investments, accelerating the retirement of fossil-fuel plants, and scaling up low-carbon investments through public-private collaboration and improved climate risk reporting.

The report monitors the state-level implementation of Brazil's Forest Code in 2020, highlighting that while CAR registration is widespread, the analysis and validation phase remains a critical bottleneck. It notes that only six states have effectively implemented the PRA and discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and federal-level policy uncertainties on these processes.