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The IDFC Green Finance 2019 report details the climate and environmental finance commitments of 22 out of 26 member national and regional development banks. In 2019, members committed $197 billion in green finance, representing approximately 25% of their total new commitments, with a strong focus on green energy and mitigation in the East Asia and Pacific region.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative examines the current state of climate adaptation finance, identifying significant funding gaps and barriers to investment, particularly in developing countries. It proposes a framework for increasing investment by boosting demand for adaptation services, supporting suppliers, and de-risking investments, while urging developing country governments to improve risk assessment and tracking.

This report analyzes how Brazil can align its economic recovery and poverty reduction goals with its Paris Agreement commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. It identifies land use, energy, and transportation as the three critical sectors for driving green growth and argues that the long-term economic returns of climate-friendly investments will outweigh the initial costs.

This 2018 report by the Climate Policy Initiative examines the financial barriers to sustainable agricultural production in Brazil. It argues that while Brazil can increase productivity without further deforestation by utilizing existing pastures, the current rural credit system is too complex, overly dependent on public banks, and lacks adequate risk management tools like insurance. The authors propose integrating rural credit with the 2012 Forest Code to incentivize environmental compliance and suggest a transition toward multi-year planning and increased private sector participation to improve efficiency and sustainability.

This technical report by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the intersection of rural credit and environmental protection in Brazil. It argues that while Brazil has successfully modernized its agriculture and reduced deforestation, the current financial system is overly complex, dominated by public banks, and lacks sufficient risk management tools. The authors propose a phased transition to align financial incentives with the 2012 Forest Code, increase private sector participation, and shift public subsidies toward the provision of public goods and insurance instruments.

This executive summary argues that Brazil can achieve its Paris Agreement emission reduction targets (37% by 2025 and 43% by 2030) while stimulating economic growth. By focusing on land use (doubling agricultural production via productivity gains), energy (reducing costs through renewables and industrial efficiency), and transport (reducing road dependency and improving urban mobility), the report claims that the returns on climate-friendly investments will outweigh the expenses.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) analyzes the role of public finance in mobilizing private investment for renewable energy in Indonesia. It evaluates eight public finance instruments used between 2012 and 2016, identifying significant financing barriers—such as high interest rates and a lack of long-term debt—and recommends strategic shifts toward using local development financial institutions and improved revenue support to meet the country's 2025 renewable energy targets.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) provides updated estimates of global climate finance flows for 2015 and 2016, incorporating new data on electric vehicle sales and national development finance institutions. It analyzes the distribution of these flows by actor, sector, and region, while discussing the challenges of tracking adaptation and energy efficiency investments and the operationalization of Article 2.1(c) of the Paris Agreement.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes the adoption dynamics of three agricultural technologies in Brazil between 2006 and 2017: no-till farming (Plantio Direto), tractors, and fertilizers. Using data from the 2017 Agricultural Census, the study identifies three distinct spatial patterns of adoption, suggesting that the drivers and environmental consequences of agricultural intensification vary by technology.

This case study, produced for the U.S. – India Catalytic Solar Finance Program (USICSF), analyzes barriers to scaling rooftop solar in India's Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) sector. It proposes a Credit Guarantee Mechanism (CGM) to mitigate risks of payment delay and default, thereby unlocking debt financing for Renewable Energy Service Companies (RESCOs) serving low-rated or unrated MSMEs.

This case study by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) evaluates the feasibility of beef cattle farming and fish cultivation as alternative livelihoods for oil palm smallholder farmers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research focuses on diversifying income to mitigate risks associated with climate change, market price volatility, and the long productivity lead times of oil palm plantations.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI/PUC-Rio) analyzes the adoption of three agricultural intensification technologies in Brazil between 2006 and 2017: the Direct Planting System (DPS), tractors, and fertilizers. Using data from Brazil's 2017 Agricultural Census, the study identifies divergent spatial patterns of adoption, noting that while DPS is becoming more widespread, tractor use is becoming more concentrated in wealthier regions, and fertilizer use is increasing without a clear spatial pattern.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) analyzes the relationship between energy efficiency and productive efficiency in Brazilian industry from 2003 to 2015. It finds that while individual firms have improved their resource use, the overall market share of the most efficient firms has declined, hindering aggregate productivity. The report argues that Brazil's energy efficiency policies have historically been reactive and focused on the residential sector, neglecting the industrial sector, which is the largest energy consumer.

The Distributed Energy for Social Housing (DESH) instrument is a third-party ownership and rental model designed to provide low-income tenants in Brazil with access to distributed solar energy without upfront costs. By utilizing a dual-class fund structure with a first-loss tranche for concessional capital, DESH aims to overcome barriers such as high interest rates, lack of upfront capital, and perceived credit risk associated with low-income borrowers.

This research paper evaluates whether legal territorial protection in the Brazilian Amazon effectively shields forests from deforestation. Using a spatially explicit panel dataset from 2006 to 2014, the author finds that protected territories successfully reduce forest clearing in high-risk areas compared to unprotected cells under similar pressure. However, the study concludes that this protection does not reduce the overall level of regional deforestation but instead deflects clearing activity to unprotected areas.

This executive summary by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the state of energy efficiency (EE) in Brazil, highlighting a historical tendency toward reactive, residential-focused policies rather than long-term industrial planning. Through an economic analysis of 106 industrial sectors from 2003 to 2015, the document finds a strong correlation between energy efficiency and productive efficiency, noting that while individual firms have improved, the market share of the most efficient firms has declined. The report concludes that correcting resource misallocation—particularly capital—could significantly boost aggregate productivity.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative analyzes the complexity and fragmentation of the National Rural Credit System (SNCR) in Brazil. It argues that the current system, based on a 1960s framework, creates artificial obstacles to credit access and inconsistent loan conditions based on geographic location, farm size, and revenue, rather than agricultural potential.

This policy brief by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) and the Núcleo de Avaliação de Políticas Climáticas da PUC-Rio (NAPC) analyzes the complexity and fragmentation of the Brazilian rural credit system. It argues that the current policy design, based on a structure from the 1960s, creates significant obstacles to credit access and financing conditions due to a multiplicity of rules tied to geographic location, property size, and agricultural revenue.

The report finds that Berau Regency can meet its palm oil production goals and fill its mill capacities by increasing productivity on existing land rather than expanding into forests. While company plantations operate efficiently, smallholders face significant barriers, including lack of land certificates (only 28% have them), limited access to finance, and poor integration into the supply chain, often forcing them to sell to distant mills or intermediaries. Additionally, Berau lacks CPO refineries, meaning most crude palm oil is exported to other provinces or Malaysia, limiting local value addition.

This case study by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes a 'Transitional Foreign Exchange (FX) Debt Platform' to enable foreign currency debt for the rooftop solar sector in India. It addresses the barriers that prevent small-scale project developers from accessing foreign capital, primarily the risks associated with currency fluctuations and the inability of these developers to access commercial hedging instruments due to poor credit profiles.