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The document frames climate change as the "biggest global health threat of the 21st century," noting that it has caused over 140,000 deaths per year since the 1970s. It asserts that meeting the 2°C global temperature limit requires consuming no more than one-third of proven fossil fuel reserves by 2050. The text advocates for a substantial carbon price, citing British Columbia's carbon tax as a successful model, and suggests that pricing should eventually reach $100-$200 per tonne of CO2 equivalent. It highlights health co-benefits of low-carbon transitions, such as reduced cardiovascular disease from 'cardio-commuting' and fewer respiratory impacts from wind, solar, and hydro power compared to coal. Finally, it urges physicians to use their professional influence to translate climate science for the public and advocate for systemic changes.

The document calls for G20 leadership in the climate transition, noting that these economies produce 80% of global carbon emissions. It argues that climate action is essential for long-term economic prosperity, citing risks of GDP loss and the high cost of inaction compared to the cost of current investment. The authors urge G20 members to meet the March 2015 timeline for emission reduction commitments ahead of the Paris treaty.

The document argues that climate change disproportionately harms disadvantaged people and that current policies are failing to achieve gender equality and low-carbon commitments. It calls for the integration of gender equality and low-carbon development goals to avoid 'maladaptation' and ensure just transitions. The call to action provides specific recommendations for governments, multilateral organisations, the private sector, and LGBTQIA+ movements to foster gender-equitable 'green' and 'blue' economies, improve women's access to resources, and increase the climate literacy of gender equality movements.

The document highlights South Asia's vulnerability to climate change and criticizes developed nations for attempting to shift the burden of mitigation through offsets and Carbon Capture and Storage. It details India's eight national climate missions, including ambitious solar power targets and energy efficiency schemes, while noting that India's dependency on coal could be reduced from a 'business as usual' projection of 69.5% to 57.7% under a low-carbon strategy. The author emphasizes that after 2020, India will exhaust 'low hanging' options, necessitating revolutionary technology and drastic emission reductions in industrialized countries based on the principle of equity.

The document provides a stakeholder analysis of the Karpowership project in South Africa, which involves the deployment of floating gas ships to provide 1,220 MW of emergency power. It details the corporate structure of Karpowership SA, a joint venture between the Turkish conglomerate Karadeniz Holding and Powergroup South Africa. The analysis identifies key suppliers, including Shell plc for LNG delivery and Mitsui OSK Lines for regasification services, and lists a syndicate of four banks that provided a US$ 140 million loan to Karpowership in March 2020.

The Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) has developed a Climate Risk Assessment Letter to help pension fund beneficiaries engage trustees on the management of climate-related financial risks. The guide argues that failing to monitor these risks—which include regulatory, technology, and litigation risks—may constitute a breach of fiduciary duty. It highlights that global financial institutions and some national funds, such as those in Norway and Ireland, are already reassessing or divesting from fossil fuel assets to protect long-term returns.

The Climate Bonds Training Academy provides professional training in sustainable finance, having trained over 3,000 professionals globally. Its curriculum is divided into foundational courses, deep dives, and spotlight modules covering topics such as GSS+ bonds, taxonomies, and transition finance.

The Climate Bonds Standard Version 3.0 provides a framework for certifying bonds that fund climate-aligned projects. It aligns with the Green Bond Principles and requires issuers to meet pre-issuance and post-issuance criteria regarding the use of proceeds, project selection, and reporting. Certification is overseen by the Climate Bonds Standard Board and requires independent verification. The standard utilizes a Taxonomy of Green Definitions and sector-specific technical criteria to determine project eligibility, covering areas such as solar, wind, and low carbon buildings.

The Climate Bonds Standard provides a framework for certifying 'green' bonds, ensuring funds are used for climate-aligned projects. It defines pre- and post-issuance requirements, a two-step eligibility process involving a taxonomy and sector-specific technical criteria, and a certification process overseen by an independent board and verified by third-party auditors.

The Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) is an NGO focused on mobilizing the USD100 trillion bond market to fund climate change solutions. It offers a Partners Program to support the development of a global market for green and climate bonds through research, standards, and market development.

The report examines Kenya's path toward a low-carbon economy, highlighting that while a net-zero transition offers economic opportunities and green jobs, it risks marginalizing vulnerable groups—particularly women, youth, and informal workers—if not managed inclusively. It analyzes sector-specific risks in agriculture, energy, transport, industry, forestry, waste, and tourism, noting that while Kenya has a robust legal framework via the Climate Change Act (2016), just transition objectives are not yet mainstreamed into primary development plans like Vision 2030. The document advocates for stakeholder engagement, social protection, and gender-sensitive policies to ensure the transition reduces existing inequalities rather than compounding them.

The document outlines the financial impact of a low-carbon transition across four major economies. It highlights that net oil consumers, including China, the EU, India, and the US, could see significant financial benefits from reducing oil demand. However, it warns of substantial asset stranding risks in China and India due to planned coal-fired power capacity exceeding IEA two-degree thresholds. In contrast, the EU and US face lower coal stranding risks but must manage the eventual peak of natural gas consumption by 2030 to minimize value loss.

The document argues that fossil fuels drive the climate crisis, contributing 86% of CO2 emissions over the last decade, and disproportionately harm marginalized communities and children. It highlights a financial contradiction where G20 nations commit more COVID-19 recovery funds to dirty energy than clean energy, despite renewables offering significantly higher investment returns in the US, UK, Germany, and France. The text further details the industry's history of climate denial, its role in international conflicts, and the risk of $900 billion in stranded assets if 1.5C targets are pursued. Finally, it notes the scale of fossil fuel subsidies, totaling $11 million per minute, and links the industry to human rights abuses and failed job creation promises in regions like Mozambique.

The document advocates for a transition to a low-carbon economy centered on social justice and human rights. It criticizes current climate policies for being too narrow and failing to address the systemic causes of the climate crisis, such as corporate greed and inequality. The text calls for a transition that ensures the rights of workers and marginalized groups are protected and that the costs of the transition do not fall on the poor.

The Nigerian Green Bond Market Development Programme (NGBMDP) aimed to develop a non-sovereign green bond market in Nigeria between 2018 and 2021. The programme successfully facilitated the issuance of 4 corporate green bonds and 2 sovereign green bonds, raising a total of ₦58.51 billion in sovereign issuances and ₦32.83 billion in corporate issuances. Key achievements include the training of over 500 capital market professionals, the development of mandatory Nigeria Green Bond Guidelines by the SEC in December 2018, and the certification of local verifiers such as Rubicola Consulting Limited and Agusto & Co. Limited. The programme also supported the launch of the FMDQ Green Exchange in November 2021 to improve transparency and ESG reporting. Despite these gains, the report notes that the market remains in its infancy, with a heavy reliance on public sector financing and a need for a larger pipeline of bankable green projects.

FSD Africa Investments (FSDAi) uses a 'test, accelerate, and mobilise' strategy to deploy catalytic capital into African financial markets, focusing on high-risk, early-stage investments to unlock commercial finance. Since 2017, it has committed US$114 million across 19 transactions, targeting sectors such as renewable energy, climate adaptation, and financial inclusion. The organization emphasizes a 'gender lens' to address the US$42 billion financing gap for women entrepreneurs in Africa and is increasingly aligning its portfolio with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) Accreditation Panel assessed KCB Bank Kenya Limited (APL104) for accreditation as a national direct access entity. The bank is recommended for accreditation for medium-sized projects and medium environmental and social risk (category B/I-2), covering basic fiduciary standards, project management, and on-lending/blending. While the bank fully meets standards for transparency, accountability, gender, and environmental and social safeguards, it only partially meets requirements for procurement oversight, independent project evaluation, and public disclosure of project results. Accreditation is recommended subject to several conditions, including the revision of its Supply Chain and Procurement Policy and the future conduct of an external audit of its environmental and social management system.

The document examines the role of the private sector in South Africa's just energy transition (JET), specifically focusing on the Mpumalanga province. It highlights a gap in citizen perception, where the private sector is not seen as a key stakeholder in mitigating climate change. By comparing the Govan Mbeki and Bushbuckridge local municipalities, the report demonstrates how public-private partnerships can improve essential services like water and electricity, which in turn enhances climate resilience and public health. It recommends that businesses invest in sustainable infrastructure and community engagement to decentralise climate knowledge and support a low-carbon economy.

The Green Economy Strategy Framework for the Western Cape focuses on driving business opportunity and investment to become the "lowest carbon province & leading green economic hub of the African continent". Key priorities include renewable energy, where 60% of the 64 REIPPP projects were developed by Western Cape-based developers, and the Atlantis SEZ, which attracted Gestamp with a R220 million investment expected to create 200 permanent jobs. The framework also highlights the WISP initiative, which completed 11 business synergies in six months, and special initiatives such as the Better Living Challenge, a GREEN Finance Support facility, and RIA Waste to support green job creation.

The IISD Climate Change and Energy Team provides research, policy recommendations, and capacity building to help governments, corporations, and communities transition to low-carbon societies and adapt to climate change. The team focuses on the Kyoto Mechanisms, carbon markets, and the development of a post-Kyoto climate regime, while maintaining the Institute's status as a carbon-neutral organization.