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The Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) argues that the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global (GPFG) faces significant legal, financial, and reputational risks due to its investments in fossil fuel companies. CIEL highlights that GPFG invests in 44 of the 90 'Carbon Majors' responsible for 63% of industrial greenhouse gas emissions from 1854-2010, increasing the likelihood of successful climate change litigation. The document specifically calls for immediate divestment from coal, citing the industry's financial decline, systemic demand drops in the US, and severe environmental and human rights abuses in India and China. Furthermore, CIEL asserts that continued fossil fuel investment contradicts Norway's international obligations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its commitment to inter-generational equity.

The report discusses the historical and legal foundations of fiduciary duty, emphasizing the need to evolve these standards to address modern environmental and climate risks. It highlights that ignoring such risks can be considered a breach of fiduciary duty and provides comparative models from South Africa, the United States, the Netherlands, and Norway to illustrate how institutional investors can transition toward sustainable practices. The document specifically suggests that China is at an opportune moment to establish culturally appropriate fiduciary principles to manage its growing institutional assets sustainably.

The Declaration on Climate Justice argues that the global response to climate change must prioritize human rights, equity, and the needs of the most vulnerable. It outlines six priority pathways: empowering affected communities, transitioning to a low-carbon economy, reforming investment models, ensuring government accountability, and strengthening the rule of law. The declaration emphasizes that developed countries must lead in reducing emissions and providing climate finance to ensure a just transition and a sustainable global society.

The interview explores the need to integrate economic models with social and environmental outcomes, the role of ICTs in facilitating global sustainability through information access and stakeholder communication, and the specific vulnerabilities of small island states in the Caribbean. Angela Cropper critiques the failure of global leadership since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and argues for a shift from intergovernmental commitments toward broader societal transformation.

The briefing explains how the CRED model differs from conventional climate-economics models, such as DICE, by integrating 'reason, empathy, and fair play'. It asserts that to maintain a high probability of keeping temperature increases below 2°C, cumulative twenty-first century CO2 emissions must be limited to 2,000 Gt. The document highlights that 'business-as-usual' emissions would reach 7,800 Gt, necessitating the elimination of 5,800 Gt. The CRED Optimal scenario achieves a successful climate outcome and reduces global inequality through rich countries investing in emission and poverty reduction in poorer nations.

The report argues that climate economics lags behind climate science, often relying on outdated data and simplified cost-benefit frameworks. It advocates for a shift toward precautionary, standards-based decision-making to avoid catastrophic tipping points, such as the collapse of the Amazon rain forest or large-scale methane release. The authors recommend that economic models incorporate up-to-date probability distributions for climate sensitivity, account for regional vulnerabilities, and use endogenous technological change to model abatement costs. The report emphasizes that limiting warming to 2°C requires immediate, large-scale emissions reductions, as current international commitments are insufficient.

The report argues that climate economics lags behind climate science, often relying on outdated damage functions and oversimplified cost-benefit frameworks. It advocates for a shift toward standards-based (precautionary) decision-making to avoid catastrophic tipping points, such as the collapse of ice sheets or the Amazon rainforest. The authors recommend that models incorporate endogenous technological change, explicit discount rate justifications, and regional equity considerations to provide policy-relevant guidance for staying below a 2°C warming threshold.

The authors test the sensitivity of the DICE-2007 model to various inputs, creating a 'DICE-Adjusted' version that incorporates updated population projections, a lower discount rate from the Stern Review, and endogenized non-CO2 greenhouse gas effects. They find that when climate sensitivity is increased to 6C and the damage function exponent is raised to 3, the model recommends achieving a completely emission-free world economy within approximately 60 years to maximize human welfare. The study also demonstrates that the cost of 100-percent abatement significantly influences the timing of full emissions control and peak temperature outcomes.

The document highlights the critical need for municipal-level data in managing Mexico's water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid northern regions where commercial agriculture relies heavily on groundwater. It notes that Mexico uses 29 km3 of groundwater annually, with over two-thirds dedicated to agriculture. The text explains that while the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) manages resources at the larger scale of river basins and aquifers, municipal-scale analysis reveals significant variations in exploitation levels. This granularity allows policymakers to distinguish between areas where demand must be reduced and areas where water can be reallocated or substituted between surface and groundwater sources to prevent irreversible aquifer degradation and ensure intergenerational equity.

The document examines climate change as a global challenge characterized by scientific uncertainty and long-term impacts. It frames the issue as a 'market failure' resulting from negative externalities, where the costs of greenhouse gas emissions are not internalized. The authors discuss the economic costs of mitigation versus inaction, the ethical implications of discount rates and inter-generational equity, and the potential for 'carbon leakage' in international trade. It emphasizes the necessity of combining mitigation and adaptation strategies, the critical role of R&D and technology transfer to developing nations, and the importance of international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the 2009 Copenhagen Summit (CoP 15).

The paper critiques integrated assessment models (IAMs) for relying on controversial assumptions that often underestimate climate risks and ignore regional inequality. It advocates for cost-effectiveness analysis over cost-benefit analysis to implement precautionary climate targets and discusses various ethical frameworks for burden-sharing between industrialized and developing nations.

The paper argues that Norway's success is due to a combination of high-quality institutions existing prior to oil discovery, a stable democratic system with proportional representation, and a commitment to social welfare and intergenerational equity through the Norwegian Petroleum Fund.

The paper examines how National Revenue Funds (NRFs) can mitigate the 'resource curse'—the negative correlation between natural resource wealth and economic growth. It argues that while NRFs can theoretically smooth expenditures and prevent 'Dutch Disease', their success depends more on the political-economic environment and institutional strength than on technical design. The author suggests that in countries with weak institutions, NRFs should be established through nation-wide multi-stakeholder consultations and given constitutional status to prevent unilateral government manipulation.

The document provides a comprehensive framework for using international human rights, labor, environmental, and health laws to safeguard children's health. It details specific treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Stockholm Convention, and explains the roles of global institutions like the WHO and UNEP. The guide outlines six primary functions of international law: providing blueprints for action, resolving disputes, promoting compliance, providing fora for discussion, building capacity, and promoting cooperation. It also includes case studies on housing rights in the Philippines and the Yacyretá Hydroelectric Project to demonstrate practical application of these legal tools.

The paper examines the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation, arguing that while poverty does not necessarily cause degradation, the poor are disproportionately harmed by the loss of natural capital. It critiques the 'Environmental Kuznets Curve' and suggests that sustainable development requires tracking total wealth (natural, human, social, and physical capital) and strengthening institutional frameworks to manage common resources.

The author critiques five decades of poverty alleviation strategies, noting that while the percentage of people in absolute poverty fell from 28% in 1987 to 24% in 1998, the absolute number remained stable at 1.23 billion. The text argues that previous approaches—ranging from physical capital investment in the 1950s to the 'Washington consensus' of the 1980s—failed because they confused the means of growth with the end goal of poverty reduction. The author proposes a working model based on sustainable development and Joseph Stiglitz's stakeholder framework, emphasizing the role of social capital and the need for transformation to be driven from within developing countries rather than imposed by external donors.

The document examines the necessity for the EBRD to integrate sustainable development into its operations, emphasizing the interdependence of economic health and environmental quality. It proposes a framework based on the principles of futurity, equity, and the value of the environment, while suggesting specific accounting methods and project appraisal criteria to ensure that development does not compromise the needs of future generations.

The document outlines recommendations from environmental and health groups to enhance Bill S-5 and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA). Key proposals include reinforcing the right to a healthy environment, improving public disclosure of chemical ingredients in products, establishing strict timelines for chemical assessments, and limiting the use of Confidential Business Information (CBI) claims to increase transparency regarding health and environmental risks.

The report argues that climate change causes profound adverse mental health implications for South Africans, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities caused by poverty and historical injustices. It highlights that exposures—such as natural disasters, water insecurity, and air pollution—lead to psychopathologies including anxiety, depression, and suicide. Children and future generations are identified as particularly vulnerable, facing psychological harms that can impair school performance and emotional well-being. The author further asserts that government decisions to continue developing coal capacity contribute to a sense of institutional betrayal and secondary trauma.

The document outlines contrasting legal positions between major polluting States and a majority of other participants concerning the ICJ's Advisory Opinion on climate change. It focuses on whether the UN climate regime is the exclusive source of law, the binding nature of mitigation and adaptation obligations, the applicability of the transboundary harm principle, the role of human rights law, the rights of future generations, and the legal necessity of phasing out fossil fuels. It further examines the issues of State knowledge of climate risks since the 1960s, the possibility of attributing harm to specific States, and the resulting legal consequences, including reparations and cessation of harmful conduct.