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A letter from the IPP Office to Robyn Hugo of the Centre for Environmental Rights (CER) acknowledging a letter dated 18 October 2016 and a legal application (case number 65662/16) regarding Thabametsi Power Company (Pty) Limited's status as a preferred bidder in the Coal Baseload IPP Procurement Programme.

A letter from the Independent Power Producer (IPP) Office responding to the Centre for Environmental Rights regarding the Coal Baseload IPP Procurement Programme and the Thabametsi Power Company.

A letter from the South African Minister of Energy to the Centre for Environmental Rights regarding the government's energy policy and the coal Independent Power Producer (IPP) programme.

A letter from the IPP Office to the Centre for Environmental Rights regarding the Coal Baseload IPP Programme and the appeal against the environmental authorisation for the Thabametsi Independent Power Producer Power Station.

This case study details a legal appeal by landowners of the farm Elandskloof against a coal prospecting right granted to Trollope Mining Services 2000 (Pty) Ltd. The document highlights systemic failures in the consultation process, the inadequacy of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and the failure of the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) to ensure procedural and substantive compliance with the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA).

This fact sheet from the Climate Policy Initiative outlines the financial risks and opportunities for China, the European Union, India, and the United States in transitioning to a low-carbon economy based on an IEA two-degree scenario.

This executive summary from Ember reports that while wind and solar energy reached a record 10.3% of global electricity generation in 2021, global electricity demand grew faster than clean energy could keep up with. This resulted in record-high coal generation and CO2 emissions from the power sector in 2021, driven largely by demand increases in Asia.

The 'Coal Cost Crossover 3.0' fact sheet by Energy Innovation reports that 99% of 210 analyzed U.S. coal plants are more expensive to operate than replacing their capacity with new wind or solar energy. The document highlights how the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) accelerates this transition and estimates that replacing 204 coal plants with local clean energy could generate up to $589 billion in investment for energy communities.

This policy brief by Energy Innovation evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of natural gas versus coal power plants, concluding that while natural gas can reduce emissions compared to coal over a 100-year period, it is not a sufficient solution for climate change and can be counterproductive if methane leaks are high or if it displaces renewable energy.

This report by Friends of the Earth International criticizes the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for continuing to finance coal projects in the Asia Pacific region despite its own stated commitments to climate action and poverty elimination. The document details specific coal investments, analyzes the ADB's policy gaps regarding coal mines and power generation, and compares the ADB's approach to other Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs).

The BRICS nations experienced a record-breaking expansion of power capacity in 2025, characterized by a simultaneous surge in both fossil fuel and renewable energy installations. While solar and wind additions reached historic highs, primarily driven by China and India, fossil fuel capacity also saw its largest net annual increase on record. This 'split transition' is marked by a trend where coal capacity continues to grow even as coal-fired generation declines in leading nations due to the rapid scaling of renewables.

This research paper by Global Energy Monitor (GEM) examines the challenges facing China's wind and solar megabases, specifically the risks of transmission bottlenecks and the potential for renewable energy to supplement rather than replace coal-based industries.

A December 2019 briefing by Global Energy Monitor detailing the financial risks associated with Japanese public finance institutions' continued support for coal power projects in South and Southeast Asia amidst falling renewable energy costs.

A fact sheet by the International Institute for Sustainable Development detailing the challenges of electricity access, service quality, and financial sustainability of distribution companies in Uttar Pradesh, India.

This case study examines South Africa's heavy reliance on coal and the resulting fiscal implications for its energy transition. It details the role of state-owned enterprises, the structure of fossil fuel revenues and subsidies, and the government's climate commitments via its Nationally Determined Contribution.

This report analyzes the 'true cost' of electricity generation in Indonesia, finding that coal is significantly more expensive than renewable energy when subsidies and externalities (air pollution and CO2 emissions) are included. While coal subsidies were estimated at USD 644.8 million in 2015 (likely an underestimate), renewable subsidies totaled USD 132.8 million. Despite a projected slight decline in coal's share of the primary energy mix by 2050, total consumption growth implies a large expansion in coal production, including a near-term plan for 20 GW of new coal capacity.

This fact sheet by the International Institute for Sustainable Development evaluates South Africa's government support for fossil fuels, ranking it as the second-worst performer among G20 non-OECD member countries due to poor transparency and continued backing of coal-based power.

This fact sheet from the International Institute for Sustainable Development argues that renewable energy is more cost-effective than coal in Indonesia when externalities are considered and highlights the disparity in subsidies between the two energy sources.

This report evaluates the financial sustainability of Indonesia's electricity sector using the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) framework. It examines the state-owned utility PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the role of government subsidies, the expansion of generation capacity through Fast Track Programmes, and the challenges of transitioning to renewable energy while achieving universal electricity access.

This report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) analyzes the energy transition in Chhattisgarh, India, from FY 2020 to FY 2024. It quantifies government subsidies, public sector undertaking (PSU) investments, and energy-related revenues, highlighting the state's deep fiscal and economic reliance on coal and oil and gas (O&G). The report emphasizes the vulnerability of Chhattisgarh to the energy transition and recommends diversifying revenue sources, better targeting electricity subsidies, and accelerating the shift toward renewable energy to mitigate economic risks.