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Indonesia faces imminent energy security challenges, with demand for electricity and transport fuel expected to grow rapidly by 2030. While the government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy (23% by 2025) and emission reductions (29-41% by 2030), current investments follow a 'business as usual' fossil fuel path. Structural barriers include policy inconsistency, limited fiscal space, and a political culture of transactional politics and decentralisation that often favours the exploitation of domestic coal. However, opportunities exist in geothermal energy, waste-to-energy, and energy efficiency, alongside governance reforms like the 'One Map' initiative and increased foreign direct investment to mitigate the financial risks of transitioning to a low-carbon economy.

The report argues that Bangladesh's state-dominated oil market and ad-hoc pricing policy create severe fiscal burdens, hinder investment, and encourage carbon emissions. It finds that oil subsidies primarily benefit the rich and upper-middle classes rather than the poor. To address these issues, the authors recommend a phased transition toward market-based pricing, the deregulation of all oil market segments to encourage private investment, and the implementation of targeted cash transfers to protect vulnerable populations from price increases.

The document analyzes the evolving purpose and design challenges of international carbon market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, noting a shift in priority from economic efficiency toward raising mitigation ambition.

Friends of the Earth Haiti calls for a compensation fund and increased support for the Green Climate Fund to assist fragile economies recovering from climate-related disasters, citing Haiti's economic losses of over US$10bn over 12 years despite its minimal contribution to global warming.

The document analyzes three legal pathways for the US to exit the Paris Agreement: direct withdrawal from the Agreement (effective November 4, 2020), withdrawal from the UNFCCC (potentially effective by January 20, 2018), or simple non-compliance. It concludes that unilateral 'cancellation' is not legally possible and warns that such actions would violate international law and increase climate-related financial risks for businesses.

The Centre for Environmental Rights (CER), acting for Earthlife Africa Johannesburg, submitted comments to the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) regarding the Final Scope of Work Report (FSR) for the Thabametsi coal-fired power station. The CER argues that the FSR is inadequate, particularly concerning the Climate Change Impact Assessment (CCIA), and requests that the DEA either reject the report or require significant amendments to align it with the South African Constitution and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA).

The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, with 100 countries representing 67% of global greenhouse gas emissions having ratified it. COP22 and the first meeting of the CMA are tasked with developing operational rules for transparency, progress monitoring, and ramping up ambition to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Key points of contention include the verification of national commitments and the insufficiency of pledges to meet the $100 billion climate finance goal for developing countries by 2020. South Africa has ratified the agreement and set an emissions reduction target of 398–614 MtCO2e for 2025–2030, though this is largely conditional on external assistance and complicated by a continued reliance on coal and budgetary restraints.

The document explains that the Paris Agreement requires a detailed "rule book" to provide operational guidance on transparency, accountability, and the review of collective efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 - 2 degrees C. It identifies key challenges in designing these rules, including the need for "build-in flexibility" for countries with differing capabilities and the risk of double-counting emissions reductions. The briefing expects COP22 in Marrakech to establish a roadmap for finalizing these rules by 2018, operationalize capacity-building initiatives, and set the stage for more ambitious nationally determined contributions (NDCs) by 2020.

The author asserts that the Paris Agreement's fast ratification demonstrates increasing political will to address climate change. The text highlights the role of business initiatives, such as the Low Carbon Technology Partnerships Initiative (LCTPi), in proving the feasibility of emissions reductions. It concludes that current Nationally Determined Contributions are insufficient to limit warming to 2°C or 1.5°C, necessitating further business-led efforts to provide policymakers with the confidence to increase their targets, specifically through the Low Emissions Solutions Conference at COP22.

We Mean Business calls for the fulfillment of the $100 billion annual climate finance pledge by developed countries and the implementation of the 'Road Map to $100 billion'. The organization emphasizes that while public finance is crucial for trust and predictability, the transition to a low-carbon economy requires trillions in investment, necessitating a shift in the financial system to leverage private capital through green bonds, Green Investment Banks, and enhanced corporate reporting.

Carbon Market Watch provides a set of recommendations for the rules of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to be discussed at COP22. The organization argues that carbon markets must increase global ambition by delivering actual emission reductions beyond NDC levels, ensure environmental integrity through a robust accounting framework to prevent double counting, and protect human rights and sustainable development through monitoring, stakeholder consultation, and grievance processes.

The document provides a glossary of terms for COP22, covering basic UNFCCC structures, the mechanisms of the Paris Agreement, and specific financial and operational goals like the $100 billion climate finance target.

The 2016 UNEP Emissions Gap Report assesses the gap between projected 2030 global emissions under Intended Nationally Determined Contributions and the levels required to limit global temperature increases to well below 2°C or 1.5°C. It evaluates pre-2020 mitigation actions, the potential of non-state action and energy efficiency to increase ambition, and the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals and climate mitigation.

The document outlines how aligning the UNFCCC and Montreal Protocol regimes can help the refrigeration, air conditioning and foam (RAC&F) sector contribute to the Paris Agreement's temperature targets. It highlights that rising demand for cooling, driven by urbanization and population growth, increases CO2 and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions. The guide emphasizes the importance of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase down HFCs to avoid significant temperature increases.

The paper examines the alignment between the African Group of Negotiators' (AGN) vision for a Global Goal for Adaptation (GGA) and the provisions of the Paris Agreement. It argues that while the Agreement establishes a GGA and recognizes the link between mitigation and adaptation, significant technical and political work is required to operationalise it. Key recommendations include establishing minimum information requirements for adaptation components of Nationally Determined Contributions (a-NDCs) to enable the aggregation of data for the global stocktake, and developing sector-specific risk metrics to track progress. The authors emphasize the need for 'material parity' between mitigation and adaptation, ensuring that adaptation support is adequate, transparent, and based on scientific temperature scenarios.

The policy brief explores how truth commissions, traditionally used for political reconciliation, could provide a pragmatic middle path between ignoring historical climate harms and pursuing legal liability. It evaluates three structural options: internal UNFCCC processes, external but linked mechanisms, and entirely external processes such as the International Court of Justice. The author concludes that a high-profile, neutral commission created by NGOs or a coalition of Parties is the most politically feasible approach for trust-building and documenting lived harms, though it must be accompanied by concrete action to avoid alienating supporters.

Carbon Market Watch argues that the ICAO's CORSIA scheme must be integrated into the Paris Agreement's transparency and reporting mechanisms. The author recommends that NDCs include sections on contributions outside the UNFCCC, that national inventories be adjusted to prevent double counting of offsets, and that aviation emissions and CORSIA progress be included in the global stocktake and synthesis reports.

Carbon Market Watch argues that LULUCF activities are currently unfit for market mechanisms due to data uncertainty, incomplete accounting, and risks of non-permanence. The organization recommends moving toward a land-based, net-net accounting approach using historical baselines rather than projected emissions. It further proposes that LULUCF sectors be managed through non-market measures under Article 6.8 of the Paris Agreement to better integrate adaptation and sustainable development goals, while calling for the exclusion of non-permanent activities from the CDM.

The United States Mid-Century Strategy (MCS) provides a roadmap for deep decarbonization by 2050, focusing on three primary pillars: transitioning to a low-carbon energy system, enhancing the land carbon sink, and reducing non-CO2 emissions. The strategy emphasizes a combination of aggressive energy efficiency, near-complete decarbonization of the electricity grid, and the deployment of carbon removal technologies like BECCS. It argues that these goals are compatible with robust economic growth and suggests that a carbon price starting at $20 per metric ton in 2017 could put energy CO2 emissions on a consistent pathway. The report also highlights the critical role of U.S. forests and soils in sequestering carbon and the necessity of international cooperation to drive down technology costs and prevent emissions leakage.

One year after the Paris Agreement's adoption, the Climate Action Tracker (CAT) finds that national climate policies have made little progress. If NDCs are fully implemented, global warming by 2100 is estimated at 2.8°C, while current policies would lead to 3.6°C. A significant emissions gap remains for 2025 and 2030. The report highlights specific national trajectories, noting that most assessed NDCs are inadequate or medium in ambition, with particular concerns regarding the US, Russia, and Saudi Arabia, while noting positive renewable energy growth in India.