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The document identifies a gap in corporate climate reporting where current GHG accounting cannot credibly reflect the impact of specific mitigation interventions. To address this, the authors propose a multi-statement reporting framework that combines traditional accounting with a new 'Mitigation Intervention' statement. This framework utilizes consequential accounting to measure causal effects of interventions both inside and outside corporate value chains, supported by eligibility principles, governance, and independent verification to reduce greenwashing and encourage high-impact action.

The document argues that climate-risk mapping in the global South is currently split between 'precisionism'—the reliance on standardized indices and models—and 'groundtruthing'—the use of lived narratives and ethnography. Precisionism often creates a 'metrics mirage' that obscures social inequalities and justice claims, while groundtruthing struggles to gain policy traction in indicator-driven bureaucracies. To resolve this, the authors introduce 'epistemic diplomacy,' a power-aware procedural approach for integrating mixed evidence. This framework includes five guiding principles, a ten-step operating model, and specific governance safeguards to ensure community co-production and prevent knowledge extraction. The paper provides practical method pairings, such as combining heat sensors with social diaries, to create 'boundary objects' that maintain both technical precision and social meaning for policymakers.

The 'Wetlands in Sápmi' project emphasizes the critical importance of Arctic wetlands for forest Sámi reindeer herders, providing essential grazing, calving grounds, and climate respite. These ecosystems also serve as global carbon sinks, storing approximately 20% of the world's carbon. The document advocates for Participatory Topological Mapping (PTM) to capture the dynamic social-ecological relationships that conventional GIS mapping misses, thereby preventing the exploitation of areas erroneously assumed to be unused. It recommends that policymakers implement Indigenous engagement frameworks, data-driven protections for critical herding areas, and integrated land management plans to enhance climate resilience and preserve Sámi cultural heritage.

Researchers from CPI/PUC-RIO developed a dynamic economic model to evaluate the additionality of REDD projects in the Brazilian Amazon, moving beyond traditional statistical baselines. The study finds that 77% of the carbon stock in these projects is additional, meaning it would have been emitted without the projects, avoiding 0.5 Gt of CO2 equivalent. However, additionality varies by region, with significantly lower rates in forested and isolated areas, such as Portel, Pará, where low agricultural productivity makes deforestation unlikely even without carbon credits. The report argues that while some non-additionality exists, the low price of REDD credits (US$ 5 to US$ 15 per ton) limits the financial impact of these discrepancies compared to other carbon pricing mechanisms.

The report introduces a dynamic economic model to determine the additionality of REDD projects in the Brazilian Amazon, finding that 77% of the carbon traded is additional. It highlights regional variations, noting higher additionality in agribusiness-consolidated areas and lower additionality in isolated regions like Portel, while suggesting that higher carbon prices would further increase additionality rates.

The authors present a method to evaluate outdoor recreation potential using landscape metrics and campsite density, arguing that this approach addresses the challenges of stakeholder perception and spatial scale in ecosystem services (ES) mapping. Applying the method across 15 ecoregions in Argentina, the study found that the influence of landscape determinants varies by region, limiting their generalisation capacity. Specifically, crop area did not negatively impact recreation potential as expected, and forest cover only showed a positive effect in the Pampas ecoregion. The analysis also indicates that unrealised benefits of recreation generally increase with higher population and road density.

The paper proposes a standardized methodology for determining first and last frost dates in Argentina to assist in agricultural planning. It focuses on calculating variables such as mean frost dates and frequency using two specific thresholds: 0°C for meteorological frosts and 3°C for agrometeorological frosts, ultimately aiming to provide a public database for decision-making.

The document examines the limitations of current GHG accounting, particularly the Scope 2 Market-Based method, which allows companies to claim zero emissions through annual matching of renewable energy certificates (RECs) without necessarily reducing actual grid emissions. The authors propose a dual approach: improving attributional accounting to require hourly and locational matching of carbon-free electricity (CFE) to consumption, and implementing consequential accounting to measure the actual marginal impact of company actions on the atmosphere. This framework aims to incentivize a diverse portfolio of CFE, including firm and dispatchable resources, rather than just low-cost variable renewables.

The document examines the limitations of traditional gender-blind cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) in transport planning and proposes a framework for integrating gender-disaggregated data and qualitative dynamics. Using a case study of a Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) plan in Coimbatore, India, it demonstrates how gender-sensitive mapping can reveal links between infrastructure, women's time poverty, and access to education. The author recommends that planners identify gender-specific dynamics via causal loop diagrams, improve the collection of disaggregated data, and monetize gender-specific outcomes to ensure investments do not inadvertently reinforce existing inequalities.

The report finds that investments in climate resilient infrastructure (CRI) are in their nascent stages, representing only about 1.1% of average annual infrastructure investment in 2019/20. It proposes a five-principle framework to define and track CRI, though data gaps limited its operationalization to three principles. The study highlights a significant gap between investment and vulnerability, noting no correlation between per capita CRI investment and the ND-GAIN Vulnerability Index. It recommends the adoption of common resilience principles, mandated double materiality disclosures, and the creation of a standardized CRI taxonomy to scale finance.

The report estimates that the global military carbon footprint is approximately 5.5% of global emissions, which would make the global military sector the fourth largest national carbon footprint in the world, exceeding that of Russia. The authors argue that military emissions are systematically under-reported due to voluntary reporting obligations under the Paris Agreement and a lack of robust data collection. Using a methodology based on personnel numbers, stationary emissions, mobile-to-stationary ratios, and supply-chain multipliers, the study estimates operational GHG emissions (scopes 1 and 2) at approximately 500 MtCO2e, or 1.0% of global GHGs. The report notes these figures are conservative as they exclude the 'global military carbon bootprint'—emissions from warfighting impacts such as infrastructure damage and ecosystem destruction.

The document argues that climate adaptation research focuses too heavily on local impacts, creating a blind spot regarding transboundary climate risks. It critiques the impact chain framework for its linear focus and lack of consideration for risk ownership in fragmented governance. To address this, the paper introduces a new protocol based on complex risk management and risk ownership frameworks to help researchers identify and appraise systemic, cross-border risks.

The NewClimate Institute suggests that the first Global Stocktake (GST) adopt performance distributions to visualise greenhouse gas emissions and other indicators. This method allows for the assessment of collective progress without singling out individual countries, while still enabling national-level benchmarking and public scrutiny. Using PRIMAP-hist data as an example, the briefing shows that while 54 countries have seen emissions decline over the past five years, others continue to increase emissions at rates of nearly 10% per year.

The document examines the high socio-environmental costs of logistics infrastructure in the Legal Amazon, such as deforestation and carbon emissions. It proposes replacing inconsistent geographic-based delimitation of a project's 'area of influence' with a 'market access approach' based on international trade literature. Using the BR-319 highway as a case study, the report demonstrates how this method more accurately identifies affected populations and environmental risks, including impacts on 49 indigenous territories and 49 conservation units. It concludes with policy recommendations for the Brazilian Ministry of Infrastructure to mandate early risk assessments and transparent, public-domain methodologies for delimiting influence areas.

The paper introduces a "transformation seismograph" concept designed to provide early warning signals of systemic shifts toward net-zero emissions. By identifying measurable factors that precede changes in greenhouse gas projections, the authors suggest a comprehensive monitoring system with sector-specific indicators to assist policymakers in designing effective interventions and international cooperation. The concept was specifically tested against electricity generation and electric light-duty vehicles.

The document introduces a new integrated approach for water resource planning in Bolivia that merges the national Plan Nacional de Cuenca (PNC) with Robust Decision Support (ADR). This methodology was applied to the Río Rocha basin to incorporate long-term uncertainties, such as climate change and demographic shifts, into the planning process. A key innovation is the use of the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system within a Participatory Decision-Making Model (MTDP), allowing stakeholders to interactively evaluate the impacts of different management interventions through quantitative indicators. The authors argue that this integrated approach legitimizes planning instruments through effective participation and provides a replicable model for other strategic basins in Bolivia.

The paper introduces a science-based approach to assess the Paris alignment of new investments by comparing the carbon intensity of new assets against thresholds required to meet specific temperature goals, accounting for locked-in emissions from existing assets. Unlike portfolio-based methods that focus on current ownership, this method attributes responsibility to the original finance providers at the time of asset creation. The authors detail the application of this methodology to the global power sector and the U.S. light road vehicle transport sector, utilizing data from the IEA and other technical sources to establish carbon intensity benchmarks and evaluate financial commitments.

The policy brief argues that Brazil's current infrastructure planning, especially in land transport, lacks long-term vision and fails to integrate socio-environmental components. It critiques the Federal Development Strategy (EFD) for being medium-term rather than long-term and for having insufficient indicators for issues like deforestation. The authors propose a new 'pre-feasibility' phase for large greenfield projects to act as a filter, using structured questionnaires and socio-environmental complexity analyses to prevent the advancement of unviable or environmentally damaging projects. This is presented as critical for the Amazon, where past infrastructure projects have been major drivers of deforestation.

The document argues that the current process of delimiting the area of influence (AoI) for infrastructure projects in Brazil lacks transparency and consistency, often relying on arbitrary distance-based criteria. It highlights a disconnect between Technical, Economic, and Environmental Feasibility Studies (EVTEA) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). The authors propose a 'market access' methodology to better capture indirect impacts, particularly economic dynamics, and recommend that legislative proposals (PL 3729/2004 and PLS 168/2018) maintain the requirement to delimit indirect areas of influence to ensure proper mitigation and compensation.

The document analyzes the current lack of consensus and transparency in how Brazilian government agencies and environmental assessments delimit the 'area of influence' for infrastructure projects. It highlights the risks of relying solely on distance-based radii, which may overlook indirect economic impacts, and proposes a 'market access' methodology to more accurately identify affected regions. The authors recommend separating the conceptual definition of the area of influence from its physical delimitation and integrating environmental parameters earlier in the project cycle, specifically within Feasibility Studies (EVTEA).