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This policy brief by the Climate Bonds Initiative argues that accelerating the transition to clean energy is the primary solution for the European Union to protect itself from global energy shocks and achieve energy sovereignty. It highlights the vulnerability caused by a heavy reliance on fossil fuel imports and proposes a five-step strategy focusing on electrification, grid interconnection, flexible systems, industrial decarbonization, and the use of methane regulations to phase out high-risk suppliers.

This report by the Institute for Security Studies examines the disproportionate impact of climate change on Africa, detailing the frequency of climate-related disasters, the vulnerability of populations due to socio-economic factors, and the resulting threats to food security, health, and regional stability.

A World Resources Institute (WRI) analysis reveals that 25% of global crops are grown in areas with highly stressed or unreliable water supplies. The report highlights the vulnerability of staple crops and the rapid depletion of water resources in the few countries that dominate irrigated crop production, while also noting the increasing instability of rainfed agriculture due to climate change.

This report, published by the Stockholm Environment Institute in June 2024, examines pathways for the complete decarbonisation of the gas markets in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland by 2050. Based on a study conducted between 2022 and 2023, it evaluates four scenarios—Business as Usual (BAU), Renewable Methane, Renewable Hydrogen, and Cost-Minimising (CM)—to determine the most sustainable and economically viable transition from fossil fuels to renewable gases like biomethane and hydrogen.

This report by Energy Innovation argues that while the economics of clean energy are now competitive with fossil fuels, non-financial risks—specifically project development and market uncertainty—are hindering deployment in the United States. The authors propose 'investment-grade policies' to reduce these risks, focusing on transmission access, streamlined siting and permitting, and long-term cost-recovery schedules to lower the cost of capital for developers.

The July 2023 report 'Pedal to the Metal' by Global Energy Monitor assesses the global iron and steel plant fleet, highlighting a critical gap between current capacity developments and the decarbonization targets required for net-zero emissions by 2050. While there is a growing shift toward Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) technology, the continued expansion of coal-based Blast Furnace-Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF-BOF) capacity, particularly in Asia, threatens to lock in high emissions and create significant stranded asset risks.

This final report, commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support, provides a comprehensive analysis of scenarios for Estonia to achieve climate-neutral electricity production by 2050. The study evaluates eight scenarios—one baseline and seven climate-neutral—comparing them based on costs, risks, socio-economic impacts, and technical feasibility. The report recommends a strategy based on either 'All Technologies' or 'Renewables and Storage' as the most balanced paths forward, while cautioning against a heavy reliance on nuclear energy or carbon capture and utilization (CCU) due to high risks or poor economic outcomes.

This briefing transcript features Rob Young, Director of the Program for the Study of Developed Shorelines, discussing a multi-year collaboration with the National Park Service (NPS) to conduct asset-level vulnerability assessments for coastal parks. The project aims to guide adaptation and resilience policy by quantifying the exposure and sensitivity of individual infrastructure assets to coastal hazards, providing a science-based framework for funding allocation and planning.

This guide, published by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) in 2019, distils the findings of the IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate specifically for decision-makers in Latin America. It details the physical changes occurring in the oceans and high mountain frozen lands, the resulting risks to marine life and human societies, and the necessity of integrating mitigation, adaptation, and inclusive governance to build climate resilience in the region.

This guide, published by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) in 2019, distils the findings of the IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate specifically for decision-makers in South Asia. It details the physical changes occurring in the oceans and high mountain frozen lands, the resulting risks to ecosystems and human livelihoods, and the necessity of integrating mitigation, adaptation, and transformative governance to build regional resilience.

This report by the NewClimate Institute analyzes how public derisking instruments can reduce the cost of capital and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for utility-scale wind and solar PV projects in Tunisia to help meet the targets of the Tunisian Solar Plan (TSP).

This guide, published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) in 2018, provides a framework and a financial model developed by the Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) to estimate the costs of tax incentives in the mining sector. It specifically focuses on calculating both the direct revenue losses and the indirect costs resulting from 'behavioral responses'—actions taken by investors to maximize financial benefits from incentives, which often lead to unforeseen revenue losses for governments.

This report by the Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) proposes a new financial vehicle called the Clean Energy Investment Trust (CEIT) to reduce the cost of renewable energy by better aligning project cashflows with the risk profiles of different investors. By unbundling the cashflows of wind and solar projects and targeting long-term, liability-hedging institutional investors, the authors argue that the cost of wind-generated electricity could be reduced by 15-17% compared to traditional utility financing.

This feasibility report, commissioned by the Department of Trade and Industry and produced by GreenCape, evaluates the establishment of a greentech Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Atlantis, a suburb of Cape Town. The report concludes that a small-scale SEZ is viable, particularly if it focuses on manufacturing rather than services, and recommends a 'high road refurbishment' model as the most financially and economically attractive option to attract both large anchor tenants and smaller greentech firms.

This report describes a project aimed at integrating indigenous flood prediction knowledge with scientific methods—such as GIS-based risk maps, weather stations, and flood gauges—to improve coastal flood management and adaptation in rural communities within the Niger Delta of Nigeria.

This report provides a consolidated life-extension (life-ex) assessment of the Hendrina Power Station, detailing the technical condition and remnant life of its energy services, electrical plant, and common infrastructure. The study, conducted by Siemens and other specialists, evaluates whether the plant can operate until 2025, identifying critical failures in MV motors, generator age, and environmental compliance issues regarding water and waste management.

This report section provides an economic and technical evaluation of life-extension options for the Hendrina Power Station to enable operation until 2035. It details necessary investments in boiler components, turbine plants, electrical systems, and control systems, comparing the costs of refurbishment and replacement against the risks of failure and lost revenue.

This executive summary, authored by Professor Bob Scholes and Professor Francois Engelbrecht, details the climate vulnerabilities and projected impacts for Southern Africa during the 21st century. It emphasizes that the region is warming at twice the global average rate and warns that agricultural production, freshwater availability, and human health are at significant risk, particularly under low-mitigation scenarios.