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This technical annex assesses progress on Goal 9 of the New York Declaration on Forests, which focuses on rewarding countries and jurisdictions for reducing forest emissions through public and private payments for verified emission reductions (VERs). The report tracks two indicators: international public payments through multilateral and bilateral funds, and the value of forest VER purchases in voluntary and compliance carbon markets.

This briefing analyzes the implications of the Advisory Group on Climate Finance (AGF) recommendations for Africa, focusing on the mobilization of US$100 billion per year in climate finance from developed countries. It highlights Africa's extreme vulnerability to climate change, its significant investment needs for adaptation and mitigation, and the necessity of public grants and regulatory reforms to attract private investment.

This briefing examines the implications of the Advisory Group on Climate Finance (AGF) recommendations for the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region. It details the region's specific climate vulnerabilities, its unique emissions profile dominated by land-use change, and the significant funding gaps for both mitigation and adaptation. The document argues that while the AGF's proposed public and private funding mechanisms offer opportunities, the LAC region must actively ensure it receives an equitable share of resources, particularly for adaptation grants, to avoid being overlooked by existing official development assistance patterns.

This précis outlines the implications of the United Nations Secretary’s High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Finance (AGF) recommendations for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), focusing on the goal of raising US$100 billion per year for climate change investment in developing countries by 2020.

This briefing, written by Vivid Economics and funded by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), analyzes the implications of the Advisory Group on Climate Finance (AGF) recommendations for Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It evaluates the investment needs for adaptation and mitigation in SIDS, the potential for public and private funding sources, and the specific risks and opportunities these financial mechanisms present for island nations.

This 2009 report by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) analyzes financial mechanisms and opportunities for collaboration between the European Union and India to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It evaluates the limitations of existing UNFCCC mechanisms, identifies sectoral barriers to low-carbon transitions, and proposes specific initiatives in solar energy, energy efficiency, and black carbon reduction to align EU climate goals with India's development priorities.

This 2008 policy brief by the Stockholm Environment Institute examines the financial requirements and mechanisms for climate change adaptation in developing countries. It highlights a significant funding gap and discusses the tension between 'mainstreaming' adaptation into development assistance and providing 'stand-alone' new and additional funding. The document evaluates existing funds, the role of the private sector, and the necessity of a financial agreement to secure a post-2012 climate framework.

This report assesses progress toward the human development Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) between 2000 and 2005, focusing on the challenges of scaling up skilled providers, ensuring sustained financing, and improving governance to translate resources into effective service delivery in health, education, water, and sanitation.

This technical fact sheet by GreenCape provides guidance for municipal officials, funders, and businesses on conducting energy efficiency (EE) audits and implementing process optimisations at wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) in South Africa to reduce electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions.

This technical factsheet by GreenCape provides guidance on reducing electricity consumption in pumps and motors within South African municipal wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) through energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) interventions.

This September 2009 report by the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) examines the financing requirements for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. It analyzes the gap between current funding levels and estimated needs, evaluates various proposed funding mechanisms—including national and international levies—and discusses the governance challenges of managing these funds within the UNFCCC framework ahead of the COP 15 negotiations in Copenhagen.

This research paper by the South African Institute of International Affairs examines the intersection of Tanzania's post-COVID-19 recovery strategies and its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). It argues that the COVID-19 response provides a critical window to integrate climate resilience into macroeconomic policy, particularly through 'green recovery' paths in agriculture, health, tourism, and water sectors. The paper highlights significant financing gaps, noting that the NDC requires $14.2 billion, with a heavy reliance on international development partners, and suggests innovative financing and public-private partnerships to bridge these gaps.

Pakistan's third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0) outlines a strategy to reduce projected greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2035 and enhance climate resilience. The plan balances an unconditional 17% emission reduction through domestic resources with a conditional 33% reduction dependent on USD 565.7 billion in international climate finance, technology transfer, and capacity building. The document emphasizes a 'whole-of-nation' approach, integrating climate action into national development frameworks like 'URAAN Pakistan' (2024-2029) to address acute vulnerabilities, including glacial melt and devastating floods.

This briefing paper argues that current global and national financial systems act as a critical barrier to sustainability, primarily because financial flows are driven by perceived profitability rather than sustainability goals. It advocates for the 'normalization' of sustainability criteria in finance through fiscal measures, international regulatory harmonization, and the active inclusion of developing countries in shaping the global sustainable finance architecture.

This briefing by Transforma examines the persistent gap between climate adaptation finance needs and actual flows, critiquing the lack of quantitative clarity in the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) and proposing options for establishing a trackable adaptation finance target by COP30.

This working paper by the World Resources Institute examines the financing challenges and strategic importance of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) demonstration projects in developing countries, offering recommendations to international policymakers to facilitate a transition to low-carbon economies.