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The document identifies specific steel clusters in India—including Angul, Rourkela, Raigarh, Raipur, Jamshedpur, Durgapur, and Vizag—and assesses their CO2 emissions against available storage capacities in saline aquifers, coal fields, and basalt formations. It provides a comparative list of global operational CCUS projects and outlines the regulatory and financial support mechanisms for CCUS in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and China.

Ghana faces a significant climate finance gap, with an annual average of USD 830 million tracked in 2019 and 2020, representing only 5-9% of its estimated needs of USD 9.3-15.5 billion. Public finance dominates at 87% of total flows, while private finance accounts for only 13%, heavily concentrated in energy systems. Funding is split nearly equally between adaptation (49%) and mitigation (47%), with the agriculture, forestry, and land use (AFOLU) and energy sectors receiving the most investment. The brief recommends implementing a national climate finance taxonomy, deploying innovative instruments like green bonds and blended finance, and improving the granularity of tracking to attract more private capital.

The document outlines how equity—both commercial and concessional—serves as a risk-absorbing capital instrument to finance early-stage climate projects. It details the different roles of governments and philanthropic actors in providing anchor or first-loss equity to improve risk-return profiles, the specific sectoral applications for renewables and nature-based solutions, and the internal and regulatory capacities required by Ministries of Finance to manage such investments. It further categorizes financial market readiness into shallow, emerging, and mature markets, providing tailored solutions for each.

The document analyzes a shift in Amazon deforestation from large-scale to small-scale clearings between the mid-2000s and early 2010s. It finds that while conservation policies introduced in 2004 successfully reduced large-scale deforestation, they created a technical gap where clearings of 25 hectares or less go mostly undetected. Using data from Mato Grosso and Pará, the research shows that landholders have adapted their practices to elude monitoring, with smallholders in Pará emerging as primary agents of clearing. The brief recommends enhancing remote sensing technology and tailoring policies to local regional characteristics.

Between 2004 and 2012, the annual deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon fell from 27,000 km² to 4,500 km², but the composition of this deforestation shifted. While large-scale clearing decreased due to public policies, deforestation in small clearings (under 25 hectares) grew from representing one-quarter of the total in 2004 to more than half by 2012. The document highlights that current satellite monitoring systems cannot detect clearings smaller than 25 hectares, allowing many actors—particularly small landowners in Pará and medium-to-large landowners in Mato Grosso—to evade detection. The authors recommend tailoring policies to regional differences and improving remote sensing technology to detect small-scale deforestation.

The Climate Smart Shrimp Fund (CSSF) is a financial mechanism designed to help shrimp farmers increase production efficiency and climate resilience while restoring mangrove ecosystems. The fund consists of a technical assistance facility for training and certification and a revolving debt facility for infrastructure upgrades. Following pilot programs in Indonesia, Ecuador, and the Philippines, the fund seeks various forms of capital, including grants and equity, to scale its operations.

The document defines debt-for-climate swaps as the cancellation or refinancing of sovereign debt in exchange for commitments to invest savings into climate mitigation, adaptation, or conservation. It outlines two primary structures: bilateral swaps between a debtor and official creditors, and tripartite swaps involving private creditors and NGO intermediaries. The guide details the internal and regulatory capacities required for implementation, ranging from basic debt tracking to the creation of special purpose vehicles (SPVs). It highlights that while swaps can improve sovereign credit ratings and reduce liquidity risk, they face challenges such as high transaction costs, limited structuring capacity in ministries of finance, and concerns over additionality. Case studies from Ecuador, Belize, and Seychelles illustrate the role of credit enhancements, such as political risk insurance and guarantees, in making these transactions viable.

The report identifies significant barriers to renewable energy investment in Indonesia, including high upfront capital requirements and a lack of long-term debt financing from local banks. While ten organizations provide 13 guarantee products in the Indonesian market, none specifically target the renewable energy sector. The analysis argues that a tailored credit guarantee, potentially developed by PT SMI, could address security gaps for small developers and improve the risk-return profile of projects. However, implementation faces challenges such as competition from lower-cost corporate guarantees and the 'first demand' requirements of financial institutions.

The Climate Policy Initiative identifies three fiscal opportunities for Indonesia to encourage productive and efficient land use to meet its COP Paris emission reduction target of 29% by 2030. First, it recommends shifting the tax burden from profit-based levies to land-area-based levies, noting that 93.5% (400 trillion Rupiah) of current land-sector revenue comes from production and profit, providing no incentive for efficiency. Second, it suggests reforming revenue transfers to local governments to remove incentives for land expansion, such as changing the Revenue Sharing Fund (DBH) to favor VAT over land and building taxes (PBB). Third, it proposes earmarking the Adjustment Fund (Dana Penyesuaian), which grew from 20 trillion Rupiah in 2010 to 56 trillion Rupiah in 2011 but currently funds no sustainable land management programs. A case study on the palm oil sector reveals a low tax-to-GDP ratio of approximately 3.4% and that only 11-14% (1.103 trillion rupiah) of its revenue was shared with local governments in 2012/2013.

The document argues that Indonesia's current fiscal policies in the land use sector—including forestry, oil and gas, mining, and agriculture—incentivize land expansion over productivity, contributing to deforestation and emissions. It proposes three primary areas for reform: shifting revenue collection from production-based to land-size based levies, increasing tax revenue sharing for local governments to discourage land clearing, and earmarking Adjustment Funds for sustainable land use programs. A case study on the palm oil sector highlights a low tax-to-GDP ratio of approximately 3.4% and limited revenue redistribution to local governments, illustrating the potential for fiscal optimization.

The document outlines four key policy tools used in the Brazilian Amazon to reduce deforestation: the public listing of priority municipalities, conditioning rural credit on environmental compliance, the allocation of protected areas, and satellite monitoring for law enforcement. It highlights that between 2004 and 2018, deforestation rates decreased by 80% while agricultural production in the region continued to increase.

The fact sheet highlights four key Brazilian policy innovations that reduced deforestation in the Amazon between 2004 and 2018 while agricultural GDP continued to grow. These include satellite monitoring (DETER), the identification of priority municipalities, conditional rural credit, and the creation of Conservation Units. The document asserts that these measures protect ecosystem services, combat crime, and facilitate access to international markets.

The FAST-Infra initiative aims to close the sustainable infrastructure investment gap by transforming these assets into a mainstream, liquid asset class. A central component is the FAST-Infra Technology Platform, which seeks to digitize and standardize the 'artisanal process' of project development and finance. The platform intends to reduce project development time by 50%, simplify due diligence, and facilitate investor matching and loan securitization. Developed by a consortium including IBM, HSBC, and Standard Chartered, the initiative has produced a clickable prototype and plans to establish a legal vehicle for its consortium in 2022.

FAST-Infra is a public-private partnership involving banks, asset managers, governments, and development banks aimed at accelerating private investment in sustainable infrastructure in developing countries. The initiative is developing a sustainable infrastructure labelling system to guide governments, developers, and institutional investors, alongside four pilot market mechanisms: a technology-enabled securitization platform, a global off-take/revenue guarantee provider, an open-sourced managed co-lending portfolio programme, and a sustainable financing facility for national development banks.

The document provides a landscape analysis of the global bioeconomy, estimated at US$4-5 trillion with potential growth to US$30 trillion by 2050. It categorizes the bioeconomy into a spectrum—Nature Intensive, Advanced, and High-Tech—and identifies specific financing gaps and risks for each. The report argues that scaling the bioeconomy requires an 'integrated' approach combining national strategies, international cooperation (particularly through the G20), and a mix of sustainable finance instruments such as nature credits, blended finance, and performance-linked sovereign debt.

The document defines first-loss facilities as tools that absorb the earliest layer of losses to reduce risk for senior investors, while second-loss facilities provide an additional protective layer after the first is depleted. These instruments are particularly relevant for adaptation, resilience, and nature-based solutions where projects often have variable returns and limited track records. The text details the roles of commercial and public providers, the impact on debt sustainability, and the internal and regulatory capacities required for governments to integrate these structures. It also outlines challenges to uptake, such as limited technical expertise in Ministries of Finance and high transaction costs for adaptation projects.

The document is a technical flowchart outlining the regulatory pathways for rural properties over four fiscal modules to achieve compliance with the Forest Code. It details the requirements for the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR), the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA), and the Forest Recovery Plan (PRADA), while specifying different restoration and compensation options based on whether areas were consolidated before July 22, 2008.

The assessment examines the paths to renewable energy penetration in India, finding that wind and solar energy now offer higher returns and lower risk than coal and natural gas. It further indicates that achieving the 175 GW renewable energy target could create between 2 million and 4.5 million jobs in the wind and solar sectors by 2042.

The Financing Steel Decarbonization (FSD) instrument is designed to mobilize private finance for the adoption of commercially available and pre-commercial low-carbon technologies in India's steel sector. It consists of two entities: the Steel Decarbonization Financing Facility (SDF), a blended debt fund, and the Steel Decarbonization Initiative (SDI), a service provider for project implementation. Over five years, FSD intends to deploy nearly USD 1 billion to mobilize an additional USD 3.4 billion in private investment, targeting a 25% reduction in emission intensity for approximately 20 MTPA of capacity.

The FX Hedging Facility is a customizable currency hedging product designed to lower costs for foreign investors in India's renewable energy sector by targeting 'tail risk' (extreme currency depreciation). Compared to commercial cross-currency swaps, the facility aims to eliminate counterparty credit and liquidity risks and provide a more efficient use of public grants. In a sample transaction, the facility could reduce hedging costs by approximately 30% and mobilize at least $9 of foreign investment per dollar of donor grant, with a greater than 50% probability of recovering the donor grant. The facility is currently in an advanced conceptual phase, with interest from a commercial bank as a guarantor and potential users such as Hudson Clean Energy Partners, who are interested in investing USD 500 million in utility-scale renewable energy projects.