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The document explains climate-resilient debt clauses (CRDCs) as contractual tools that allow countries to postpone debt repayments following natural disasters, thereby creating fiscal space for emergency response. It details the technical design of these clauses, including triggers and deferral terms, and analyzes the implications for multilateral development banks (MDBs) and public development banks (PDBs). The primer highlights the role of the ICMA Term Sheet in standardization and provides a decision tree to help financial institutions assess the feasibility of adopting CRDCs based on liquidity, regulatory environment, and disaster risk management systems.

The report examines the role of public development banks (PDBs) in supporting the adoption of domestic carbon markets in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs). It identifies key benefits of these markets, such as directing private finance to emission reduction projects and helping countries retain carbon revenues locally to avoid paying full fees under mechanisms like the European Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). However, adoption is hindered by a lack of strategic integration, technical capacity gaps, and reputational risks associated with credit integrity. PDBs are positioned to address these barriers by providing strategic guidance, technical assistance for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems, and innovative financial tools—such as minimum price floors and carbon-linked bonds—to manage risk and frontload finance. The report recommends increased coordination between national and multilateral PDBs, the sharing of best practices, and the development of comprehensive climate strategies to ensure carbon markets are embedded within national development goals.

The report identifies a 'triple gap'—planning, finance, and data—in the transition of global agrifood systems. Top-down analysis estimates an annual need of USD 1.1 trillion to align with a 1.5°C pathway, while bottom-up estimates from NDCs total only USD 201.5 billion. Current annual climate finance flows of USD 28.5 billion are severely insufficient, requiring a 40-fold increase to meet top-down needs. The report highlights significant underestimations in national planning and a critical lack of granular data, particularly regarding adaptation and private finance.

The document argues that while green guarantees can mobilize up to five times more capital than loans, they are underutilized due to complexity, lack of technical assistance, high costs, and time horizon misalignments. It showcases case studies from the World Bank Group, Green Guarantee Company, TCX, GuarantCo, and a Sida-IFU partnership to demonstrate how streamlining processes, providing targeted technical support, subsidizing currency hedges, extending guarantee tenors to 20 years, and fostering bilateral cooperation can unlock private capital for the green transition in EMDEs.

The report finds that sustainable agriculture finance in India averaged INR 22,393 billion annually between FY 2020-21 and FY 2021-22, with a heavy reliance on domestic private finance (67%) and commercial financial institutions. While public funding remains significant, international flows are negligible at 0.5%. The study highlights a concentration of funds in farming practices and storage/markets, while critical areas like research, natural capital, and alternative supply chains are severely underfunded. It recommends the creation of a sustainable agriculture taxonomy, improved granular data reporting, the diversification of financial instruments beyond debt, and expanded capacity building to foster a more resilient agricultural ecosystem.

The report establishes a comprehensive framework for tracking sustainable agriculture finance in India, adopting a value-chain approach that covers upstream, farming, and downstream activities. It defines the criteria for 'sustainable agriculture' based on food security, emission reduction, and climate resilience, and details the data sources used—including government budgets, OECD databases, and private equity trackers—to identify public and private disbursements.

The report analyzes the Novo PAC's impact on the Amazon, arguing that the program lacks regional planning and fails to account for the area's socio-environmental complexity. It highlights contradictions between infrastructure projects and deforestation goals, such as the Ferrogrão railway and BR-319 paving, and criticizes the continued use of fossil fuels in energy projects. The authors recommend a comprehensive regional development plan, better alignment with the PPCDAm's zero-deforestation target, and a shift toward renewable energy and distributed generation.

The report argues that legal gold mining in the Amazon, particularly when conducted by cooperatives, has evolved from an artisanal activity into an industrial-scale enterprise, yet remains subject to an anachronistic and lenient regulatory regime. It highlights a significant increase in legal mining areas between 2016 and 2023, with 82% of Brazil's approved gold mining areas located in the Legal Amazon. The authors identify critical gaps, such as the lack of mandatory prior mineral research for 'garimpo' and the use of simplified, municipalized environmental licensing in Pará, which contradicts the activity's classification as high-impact. The document recommends extending prior research requirements to cooperatives, rejecting legislative proposals that further ease mining restrictions without adding safeguards, and restoring rigorous trifasic licensing and EIA/Rima requirements in Pará.

The briefing identifies opportunities for DFIs and MDBs to align gender-lens investing (GLI) with nature finance, specifically by leveraging frameworks like the 2X Criteria and the World Bank Nature Finance Tracking Methodology. It proposes four primary pathways: mainstreaming dual lenses across the investment lifecycle, pioneering innovative financial instruments such as impact-linked structures, expanding integrated technical assistance for investees, and utilizing communities of practice to share knowledge. The document highlights specific examples of such integration, including blue loans in Ecuador and climate resilience debt swaps in Barbados.

The document serves as a legal reference guide, listing the specific laws and regulations used to implement the Brazilian Forest Code (Lei nº 12.651/2012). It details federal legislation and provides a state-by-state breakdown of the legal frameworks for the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA) in 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. The listed legislation covers topics such as ecological-economic zoning, legal reserve compensation, the restoration of degraded areas, and the administrative procedures for validating rural property registrations.

The report quantifies the economic and energetic losses at the Itaipu and Belo Monte hydroelectric plants caused by Amazon deforestation, which disrupts 'flying rivers' and reduces river flow. Together, these plants lose an estimated 3,780 GWh of electricity and R$ 1.1 billion in annual revenue. The study highlights that the loss of forest cover affects plants even those far from the biome, such as Itaipu, and suggests that the energy sector must actively support forest restoration and conservation to ensure financial sustainability and grid resilience.

The 2025 report by CPI/PUC-Rio reveals a significant but uneven acceleration in the implementation of Brazil's Forest Code. While the proportion of CAR registrations with initiated analysis rose from 15% to 24% nationally, and validated registrations nearly tripled, a deep gap remains between CAR validation and actual environmental recovery via the PRA. Progress is heavily driven by automation and 'compulsory acceptance' of corrections in states like São Paulo and Paraná, while other regions struggle with land tenure insecurity, lack of technical staff, and poor communication with landowners. Federal governance of the Sicar system has improved through a new partnership between MGI, SFB, and Dataprev, and the first national Environmental Reserve Quotes (CRA) were issued in Rio de Janeiro in October 2025.

The San Giorgio Group's 11th meeting focused on redirecting climate finance strategies amidst geopolitical uncertainty. Key recommendations include empowering National Development Banks (NDBs) to leverage domestic capital, reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to prioritize private capital mobilization over direct project finance, and scaling adaptation finance through better insurance coordination and risk reduction. The group emphasizes shifting the climate narrative from 'doom and gloom' to one of economic opportunity and 'kitchen-table issues' to better engage policymakers and citizens. A concrete 2025 agenda includes launching 10-15 additional country platforms, operationalizing the Baku-to-Belem Roadmap for the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG), and creating a network of insurance regulators for climate.

Global climate finance reached a record USD 1.9 trillion in 2023, with private contributions exceeding USD 1 trillion for the first time. While mitigation finance more than doubled between 2018 and 2023, driven by energy and transport, adaptation finance remains significantly underfunded at USD 65 billion. Investment is heavily concentrated in East Asia and the Pacific, Western Europe, and North America, with 80% of finance sourced domestically. Despite growth, a substantial gap remains to meet the estimated annual need of USD 6.3 trillion by 2030.

Global energy transition investments reached a record USD 2.4 trillion in 2024, yet remain insufficient to meet the 1.5°C pathway. While solar PV and battery storage show strong growth, other technologies like wind and green hydrogen face significant headwinds. Investment is heavily concentrated in China and advanced economies, leaving least developed countries (LDCs) and Sub-Saharan Africa severely underfunded and dependent on international public finance.

The report identifies near-term, economically viable green investment opportunities in India across six emerging sectors—battery energy storage, green hydrogen, climate-smart agriculture, lithium-ion battery recycling, water, and sustainable cooling—to guide the channeling of private and institutional capital over a three to five-year horizon.

Climate finance in Brazil more than doubled between 2019 and 2023, reaching US$ 67.8 billion. The growth was primarily driven by solar energy and AFOLU (Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use), with domestic sources accounting for 90% of total finance. While mitigation dominates the objective mix, finance for loss and damage saw an exponential increase in 2024, largely due to disaster relief following flooding in Rio Grande do Sul.

The South African Climate Finance Landscape 2025 reports an annual average of ZAR 188.3 billion in climate finance for 2022–2023, though this remains well below the estimated annual need of up to ZAR 499 billion. Investment is heavily skewed toward the energy sector, which receives 74.1% of total flows, primarily for renewable electricity generation. In contrast, adaptation finance is lagging, accounting for only 11.3% of tracked flows. While domestic sources provide nearly 60% of funding, international flows are dominated by public development finance institutions, particularly from Western Europe. The report highlights significant barriers, including grid bottlenecks, policy uncertainty, and a lack of concessional capital for high-risk or non-revenue-generating adaptation and just transition projects.

The report tracks 170 public development banks (PDBs) holding USD 21.8 trillion in assets, finding that climate ambition is plateauing. Despite the need for a six-fold increase in global climate finance flows by 2030, fewer than half of the tracked institutions have pledged full alignment with the Paris Agreement, and the rate of new commitments is declining.

The document clarifies the distinction between the CAR (the national database of rural properties) and Sicar (the technological platform that operationalizes it). It details the complex shared governance between the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) and the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services (MGI), particularly following the 2024 migration of data to Dataprev. The briefing assesses the progress of CAR data analysis, noting that while all states have begun the process, only about 3.3% of registries nationwide have been concluded. It highlights the role of automation tools—such as Análise Dinamizada, CAR Digital, and CAR 2.0—in scaling these analyses, while identifying persistent barriers including low data quality and insufficient technical staff.